The applicants complained about searches of their homes. They also raised other complaints under the provisions of the Convention.<\/p>\n
THIRD SECTION This judgment is final but it may be subject to editorial revision.<\/p>\n In the case of Kozhakhmetovy and Others v. Russia,<\/strong><\/p>\n The European Court of Human Rights (Third Section), sitting as a Committee composed of:<\/p>\n Darian Pavli, President, Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date:<\/p>\n PROCEDURE<\/strong><\/p>\n 1. The case originated in applications against Russia lodged with the Court under Article\u00a034 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) on the various dates indicated in the appended table.<\/p>\n 2. The Russian Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were given notice of the applications.<\/p>\n THE FACTS<\/strong><\/p>\n 3. The list of applicants and the relevant details of the applications are set out in the appended table.<\/p>\n 4. The applicants complained about searches of their homes. They also raised other complaints under the provisions of the Convention.<\/p>\n THE LAW<\/strong><\/p>\n I. JOINDER OF THE APPLICATIONS<\/strong><\/p>\n 5. Having regard to the similar subject matter of the applications, the Court finds it appropriate to examine them jointly in a single judgment.<\/p>\n II. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 8 \u00a7 1of the Convention<\/strong><\/p>\n 6. The applicants complained about searches of their homes.They relied, expressly or in substance, on Article 8 \u00a7 1 of the Convention, which reads as follows:<\/p>\n Article 8 \u00a7 1<\/p>\n \u201c1. Everyone has the right to respect for his … home …<\/p>\n 2. There shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this right except such as is in accordance with the law and is necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security, public safety or the economic well-being of the country, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.\u201d<\/p>\n 7. The Court reiterates that searches of the applicants\u2019 homes amount to an interference with their rights under Article 8 \u00a7 1 of the Convention. To be justified under Article 8 \u00a7 2 of the Convention an interference has to be in accordance with law, to pursue a legitimate aim and to be necessary in a democratic society.<\/p>\n 8. The Court has consistently held that the Contracting States may consider it necessary to resort to searches and seizures in order to obtain physical evidence of certain offences. The Court must assess whether the reasons adduced to justify such measures were \u201crelevant\u201d and \u201csufficient\u201d and whether the proportionality principle has been adhered to. As regards the latter point, the Court must first ensure that the relevant legislation and practice afford individuals adequate and effective safeguards against abuse. Secondly, the Court must consider the particular circumstances of each case in order to determine whether, in the case in question, the interference was proportionate to the aim pursued. The criteria the Court has taken into consideration in determining the latter issue have included the severity of the offence in connection with which the search was effected, the manner and circumstances according to which the order was issued \u2013 in particular whether the warrant was based on a reasonable suspicion \u2013 and the content and scope of the warrant, having particular regard to the nature of the premises searched and the safeguards put in place to confine the impact of the measure within reasonable bounds, and the extent of possible repercussions on the reputation of the person affected by the search.<\/p>\n 9. The Court has previously found violations of Article 8 of the Convention in respect of searches of homes where the authorities breached the national law requirements to the search procedure (seeAvazZeynalov v.\u00a0Azerbaijan, nos. 37816\/12 and 25260\/14, \u00a7 81, 22 April 2021, andKuzminas v. Russia, no. 69810\/11, \u00a7\u00a7 17-20, 21 December 2021).<\/p>\n 10. Furthermore, the Court has found a search to be unjustified under Article 8 of the Convention where the authorities failed to demonstrate (a) that there were reasonable grounds for suspecting that the commission of crimes imputed to applicants or third people had occurred, (b) that there was evidence capable of corroborating those suspicions and (c) that the relevant evidence could be found in that regard at the premises to be searched (see, for instance, Aliyev v. Azerbaijan, nos. 68762\/14 and 71200\/14, \u00a7 184, 20\u00a0September 2018; Kruglov and Others v. Russia, nos. 11264\/04 and 15\u00a0others, \u00a7\u00a0127, 4 February 2020, and Kuzminas, cited above, \u00a7\u00a025). In cases where the authorities carried out urgent searches without prior judicial review, the Court considered it crucial for the authorities to also set out pressing circumstances justifying the recourse to such an urgent procedure (see Tortladze v. Georgia, no.\u00a042371\/08, \u00a7 64, 18 March 2021, and Kuzminas, cited above, \u00a7\u00a7\u00a023-24).<\/p>\n 11. The Court also reiterates that in a number of previous Russian cases it was the vagueness and excessively broad terms of search warrants giving the authority executing them unrestricted discretion in determining the scope of the search that were considered to constitute the decisive element for the finding of a violation of Article 8 (see Misan v. Russia, no. 4261\/04, \u00a7 60, 2\u00a0October 2014, Kruglov and Others, cited above, \u00a7 127, with further references).<\/p>\n 12. Finally, as noted above, another decisive aspect in the Court\u2019s assessment of the necessity of an interference are the procedural safeguards available to an applicant. The first and foremost among them is the guarantee of review by a judge or other independent and impartial decision-making body capable to examine the existence of relevant and sufficient reasons for the search and its compatibility with the legal requirements (see Avanesyan v. Russia, no.\u00a041152\/06, \u00a7\u00a7 30-34, 18 September 2014, Kruglov and Others, cited above, \u00a7\u00a7 134-35).<\/p>\n 13. In its judgments concerning searches of homes in Russia (see, for instance, Smirnov v. Russia, no. 71362\/01, 7 June 2007; Kolesnichenko v.\u00a0Russia, no. 19856\/04, 9\u00a0April 2009; Avanesyan, cited above; Misan, cited above; Yuditskaya and Others v. Russia, no. 5678\/06, 12 February 2015; Kruglov and Others, cited above; and Kuzminas, cited above) the Court has found a violation of Article 8 of the Convention due to the above-mentioned defects.<\/p>\n 14. Having examined all the material submitted to it, the Court has not found any fact or argument capable of persuading it to reach a different conclusion on the admissibility and merits of the complaints in the present cases. Having regard to its case-law on the subject, the Court considers that in the instant case the searches of the applicants\u2019 homes were not in accordance with law and\/or not necessary in a democratic society.<\/p>\n 15. These complaints are therefore admissible and disclose a breach of Article\u00a08 \u00a7 1 of the Convention.<\/p>\n III. OTHER ALLEGED VIOLATIONS UNDER WELL-ESTABLISHED CASE-LAW<\/strong><\/p>\n 16. The applicants submitted other complaints which also raised issues under the Convention, given the relevant well-established case-law of the Court (see appended table). These complaints are not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article\u00a035\u00a0\u00a7\u00a03\u00a0(a) of the Convention, nor are they inadmissible on any other ground. Accordingly, they must be declared admissible. Having examined all the material before it, the Court concludes that they also disclose violations of the Convention in the light of its findings in Smirnov, cited above, \u00a7\u00a7 58-59, Avanesyan, cited above, \u00a7\u00a7 30-36, and Kruglov and Others, cited above, \u00a7 144.<\/p>\n IV. REMAINING COMPLAINTS<\/strong><\/p>\n 17. In their applications the applicants also raised other complaints under various Articles of the Convention.<\/p>\n 18. The Court has examined the applications and considers that, in the light of all the material in its possession and in so far as the matters complained of are within its competence, these complaints either do not meet the admissibility criteria set out in Articles\u00a034 and\u00a035 of the Convention or do not disclose any appearance of a violation of the rights and freedoms enshrined in the Convention or the Protocols thereto.<\/p>\n 19. It follows that this part of the applications must be rejected in accordance with Article\u00a035\u00a0\u00a7\u00a04 of the Convention.<\/p>\n V. APPLICATION OF ARTICLE\u00a041 OF THE CONVENTION<\/strong><\/p>\n 20. Article 41 of the Convention provides:<\/p>\n \u201cIf the Court finds that there has been a violation of the Convention or the Protocols thereto, and if the internal law of the High Contracting Party concerned allows only partial reparation to be made, the Court shall, if necessary, afford just satisfaction to the injured party.\u201d<\/p>\n 21. Regard being had to the documents in its possession and to its case\u2011law (see, in particular, Misan, cited above, \u00a7 70), the Court considers it reasonable to award the sums indicated in the appended table and dismisses the remainder of the applicants\u2019 claims for just satisfaction.<\/p>\n 22. The Court further considers it appropriate that the default interest rate should be based on the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank, to which should be added three percentage points.<\/p>\n FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT, UNANIMOUSLY,<\/strong><\/p>\n 1. Decides to join the applications;<\/p>\n 2. Declares the complaints concerning the searches of the applicants\u2019 homes and the other complaints under well-established case-law of the Court, as set out in the appended table,admissible,\u00a0and the remainder of the applications inadmissible;<\/p>\n 3. Holds that these complaints disclose a breach of Article 8 \u00a7 1 of the Convention concerning the searches of the applicants\u2019homes;<\/p>\n 4. Holds that there has been a violation of the Convention as regards the other complaints raised under well-established case-law of the Court (see appended table);<\/p>\n 5. Holds<\/p>\n (a) that the respondent State is to pay the applicants, within three months, the amounts indicated in the appended table, to be converted into the currency of the respondent State at the rate applicable at the date of settlement;<\/p>\n (b) that from the expiry of the above-mentioned three months until settlement simple interest shall be payable on the above amounts at a rate equal to the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank during the default period plus three percentage points;<\/p>\n 6. Dismissesthe remainder of the applicants\u2019 claims for just satisfaction.<\/p>\n Done in English, and notified in writing on 13 October 2022, pursuant to Rule\u00a077\u00a0\u00a7\u00a7\u00a02 and\u00a03 of the Rules of Court.<\/p>\n Viktoriya Maradudina \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Darian Pavli ____________<\/p>\n APPENDIX<\/strong>
\nCASE OF KOZHAKHMETOVY AND OTHERS v. RUSSIA<\/strong>
\n(Applications nos. 7072\/14 and 4 others \u2013 see appended list)<\/em>
\nJUDGMENT
\nSTRASBOURG
\n13 October 2022<\/p>\n
\nAndreas Z\u00fcnd,
\nFr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Krenc, judges,
\nand Viktoriya Maradudina, ActingDeputy Section Registrar,
\nHaving deliberated in private on 15 September 2022,<\/p>\n
\nActing Deputy Registrar \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 President<\/p>\n
\nList of applications raising complaints under Article 8 \u00a7 1 of the Convention
\n(unlawful search)<\/p>\n