The applicants complained of the secret surveillance in the context of criminal proceedings. Some applicants also raised other complaints under the provisions of the Convention.<\/p>\n
THIRD SECTION This judgment is final but it may be subject to editorial revision.<\/p>\n In the case of Fedonin and Others v. Russia,<\/strong><\/p>\n The European Court of Human Rights (Third Section), sitting as a Committee composed of: Having deliberated in private on 6 October 2022,<\/p>\n Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date:<\/p>\n PROCEDURE<\/strong><\/p>\n 1. The case originated in applications against Russia lodged with the Court under Article\u00a034 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) on the various dates indicated in the appended table<\/p>\n 2. The Russian Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were given notice of the applications.<\/p>\n THE FACTS<\/strong><\/p>\n 3. The list of applicants and the relevant details of the applications are set out in the appended table.<\/p>\n 4. The applicants complained of the secret surveillance in the context of criminal proceedings. Some applicants also raised other complaints under the provisions of the Convention.<\/p>\n THE LAW<\/strong><\/p>\n I. JOINDER OF THE APPLICATIONS<\/strong><\/p>\n 5. Having regard to the similar subject matter of the applications, the Court finds it appropriate to examine them jointly in a single judgment.<\/p>\n II. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 8 of the Convention<\/strong><\/p>\n 6. The applicants complained of the secret surveillance in the context of criminal proceedings.They relied, expressly or in substance, on Article 8 of the Convention, which reads as follows:<\/p>\n \u201c1. Everyone has the right to respect for his private life, his home and his correspondence.<\/p>\n 2. There shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this right except such as is in accordance with the law and is necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security, public safety or the economic well-being of the country, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.\u201d<\/p>\n 7. The Court reiterates that the measures aimed at interception of telephone communications amounted to an interference with the exercise of the rights set out in Article 8 of the Convention and that such interference will give rise to a breach of Article 8 of the Convention unless it can be shown that it was \u201cin accordance with law\u201d, pursued one or more legitimate aim or aims as defined in the second paragraph and was \u201cnecessary in a democratic society\u201d to achieve those aims (see, among other authorities, Goranova\u2011Karaeneva v. Bulgaria, no. 12739\/05, \u00a7 45, 8 March 2011). It further reiterates that it is the obligation of the domestic courts to carry out an effective judicial review of the lawfulness and \u201cnecessity in a democratic society\u201d of the contested surveillance measures and to furnish sufficient safeguards against arbitrariness within the meaning of Article 8 \u00a7 2 of the Convention (see Zubkov and Others v. Russia, nos. 29431\/05 and 2 others, \u00a7\u00a7 131, 7 November 2017). The failure to comply with these requirements has led the Court to conclude to a violation of the Article 8 of the Convention (see, for example, Dudchenko v. Russia, no. 37717\/05, \u00a7\u00a7 93-100, 7\u00a0November 2017, in which it was established that the domestic courts failed to verify, when authorising covert surveillance in respect of the applicant, whether there was a \u201creasonable suspicion\u201d against him and to apply the \u201cnecessity in a democratic society\u201d and \u201cproportionality\u201d tests).<\/p>\n 8. The Court does not lose sight that in earlier cases against Russia it has not established an availability of effective remedies for the applicants to exhaust prior to introducing a complaint before the Court (see, for example, Zubkov and Others, cited above, \u00a7\u00a7 85-99). In this connection, it reiterates that the applicants cannot be reproached for their attempt to bring their grievances to the attention of the domestic courts through the remedies which they mistakenly considered effective in the absence of evidence that they were aware or should have become aware of the futility of their course of action (ibid., \u00a7107 in fine).<\/p>\n 9. Having examined all the material submitted to it, the Court has not found any fact or argument capable of persuading it to reach a different conclusion on the admissibility and merits of these complaints. Having regard to its case-law on the subject, the Court considers that in the instant cases (as set out in the appended table) the courts did not verify the existence of a \u201creasonable suspicion\u201d and did not apply the \u201cnecessity in a democratic society test\u201d when examining the applicants\u2019 complaints. The applicants\u2019 ability to challenge the legal and factual grounds for ordering surveillance measures against them was further undermined by the refusal of access to the surveillance authorisations.<\/p>\n 10. These complaints are therefore admissible and disclose a breach of Article 8 of the Convention.<\/p>\n III. OTHER ALLEGED VIOLATIONS UNDER WELL-ESTABLISHED CASE-LAW<\/strong><\/p>\n 11. In application no.\u00a03747\/18 the applicant submitted other complaints which also raised issues under the Convention, given the relevant well\u2011established case-law of the Court (see appended table). These complaints are not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article\u00a035\u00a0\u00a7\u00a03\u00a0(a) of the Convention, nor are they inadmissible on any other ground. Accordingly, they must be declared admissible. Having examined all the material before it, the Court concludes that they also disclose violations of the Convention in the light of its well-established case-law (see Idalov v.\u00a0Russia [GC], no. 5826\/03, \u00a7\u00a7\u00a0103-08, 22 May 2012, concerning conditions of transport of detainees, Svinarenko and Slyadnev v. Russia [GC], nos.\u00a032541\/08 and 43441\/08, ECHR 2014 (extracts), concerning placement in a metal cage in the courtroom, Konstantin Moskalev v.\u00a0Russia, no.\u00a059589\/10, \u00a7\u00a7\u00a023-36, 7\u00a0November 2017, regarding the lack of an effective remedy in respect of the complaint about the secret surveillance).<\/p>\n IV. REMAINING COMPLAINTS<\/strong><\/p>\n 12. In application no.\u00a030296\/17 the applicant also raised other complaints under Article 8 of the Convention.<\/p>\n 13. The Court has examined the application and considers that, in the light of all the material in its possession and in so far as the matters complained of are within its competence, these complaints either do not meet the admissibility criteria set out in Articles\u00a034 and\u00a035 of the Convention or do not disclose any appearance of a violation of the rights and freedoms enshrined in the Convention or the Protocols thereto.<\/p>\n It follows that this part of the application must be rejected in accordance with Article\u00a035\u00a0\u00a7\u00a04 of the Convention.<\/p>\n V. APPLICATION OF ARTICLE\u00a041 OF THE CONVENTION<\/strong><\/p>\n 14. Article 41 of the Convention provides:<\/p>\n \u201cIf the Court finds that there has been a violation of the Convention or the Protocols thereto, and if the internal law of the High Contracting Party concerned allows only partial reparation to be made, the Court shall, if necessary, afford just satisfaction to the injured party.\u201d<\/p>\n 15. Regard being had to the documents in its possession and to its case\u2011law (see, in particular, Akhlyustin v. Russia, no. 21200\/05, 7 November 2017, Zubkov and Others, cited above, Dudchenko, cited above, Moskalev v.\u00a0Russia, no. 44045\/05, 7 November 2017 and Konstantin Moskalev, cited above), the Court considers it reasonable to award the sums indicated in the appended table.<\/p>\n 16. The Court further considers it appropriate that the default interest rate should be based on the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank, to which should be added three percentage points.<\/p>\n FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT, UNANIMOUSLY,<\/strong><\/p>\n 1. Decides to join the applications;<\/p>\n 2. Declares the complaints concerning the secret surveillance in the context of criminal proceedings and the other complaints under well-established case-law of the Court, as set out in the appended table, admissible and the remainder of application no.\u00a030296\/17 inadmissible;<\/p>\n 3. Holds that these complaints disclose a breach of Article 8 \u00a7 1 of the Convention concerning the secret surveillance in the context of the criminal proceedings;<\/p>\n 4. Holds that there has been a violation of the Convention as regards the other complaints raised under well-established case-law of the Court (see appended table);<\/p>\n 5. Holds<\/p>\n (a) that the respondent State is to pay the applicants, within three months, the amounts indicated in the appended table, to be converted into the currency of the respondent State at the rate applicable at the date of settlement;<\/p>\n (b) that from the expiry of the above-mentioned three months until settlement simple interest shall be payable on the above amounts at a rate equal to the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank during the default period plus three percentage points.<\/p>\n Done in English, and notified in writing on 27 October 2022, pursuant to Rule\u00a077\u00a0\u00a7\u00a7\u00a02 and\u00a03 of the Rules of Court.<\/p>\n Viktoriya Maradudina\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Darian Pavli __________<\/p>\n APPENDIX<\/strong>
\nCASE OF FEDONIN AND OTHERS v. RUSSIA<\/strong>
\n(Applications nos. 30296\/17 and 2 others \u2013 see appended list)<\/em>
\nJUDGMENT
\nSTRASBOURG
\n27 October 2022<\/p>\n
\nDarian Pavli, President,
\nAndreas Z\u00fcnd,
\nFr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Krenc, judges,
\nand ViktoriyaMaradudina,Acting Deputy Section Registrar,<\/p>\n
\nActing Deputy Registrar\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 President<\/p>\n
\nList of applications raising complaints under Article 8 \u00a7 1 of the Convention
\n(secret surveillance in the context of criminal proceedings)<\/p>\n