The applicants complained of a violation of Article 5 of the Convention on account of the unlawfulness of their abducted relatives\u2019 detention and a violation of Article 13 on account of the lack of domestic remedies in respect of their complaints under Article 2 of the Convention. The relevant provisions read as follows.<\/p>\n
The Government submitted that the applicants\u2019 complaints in applications nos. 48523\/19, 49533\/19 and 49902\/20 were unsubstantiated. They did not comment on the admissibility and merits of the complaints in applications nos. 13837\/20 and 40452\/20.<\/p>\n
The European Court of Human Rights<\/strong> notes that the complaints are not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 \u00a7 3 (a) of the Convention. It further notes that they are not inadmissible on any other grounds and must therefore be declared admissible.<\/p>\n The Court confirms that since it has been established that Mr T.M., Mr Kh.Kh., Mr Sh.Yu., Mr M.S., Mr Aliyev and Mr Umarov were detained by State agents without any legal grounds or acknowledgment of such detention, this constitutes a particularly serious violation of Article 5 of the Convention (see Tsakoyevy v. Russia, no. 16397\/07, \u00a7 142, 2 October 2018, and A.A. and Others v. Russia, cited above, \u00a7 70). The Court accordingly finds a violation of that Article in respect of the applicants\u2019 missing relatives.<\/p>\n The Court further finds that the applicants did not have an effective domestic remedy at their disposal for their grievances under Article 2 of the Convention, in breach of Article 13 of the Convention<\/strong>.<\/p>\n Full text of the document.<\/p>\n European Court of Human Rights Art 2 (substantive and procedural) \u2022 Life \u2022 Disappearance of applicants\u2019 relatives after their abduction and detention by State agents in Chechnya \u2022 Backdrop of gross human rights violations in Chechnya \u2022 Prima facie case established \u2022 Presumed death, in absence of any plausible justification, attributable to the State \u2022 Ineffective investigation \u2022 Systemic failure to investigate disappearances and abductions in Chechnya extended more generally to ineffectiveness of investigations therein in respect of Art 2 and 3 complaints and involving allegations against State agents STRASBOURG This judgment will become final in the circumstances set out in Article 44 \u00a7 2 of the Convention. It may be subject to editorial revision.<\/p>\n In the case of N.A. and Others v. Russia,<\/strong><\/p>\n The European Court of Human Rights (Third Section), sitting as a Chamber composed of: the applications (nos.\u00a048523\/19, 49533\/19, 13837\/20, 40452\/20 and 49902\/20) against the Russian Federation lodged with the Court under Article\u00a034 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by the Russian nationals listed in the appendix (\u201cthe applicants\u201d); Having deliberated in private on 31 October 2023,<\/p>\n Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date:<\/p>\n INTRODUCTION<\/strong><\/p>\n 1. The case concerns several complaints of abduction perpetrated by State agents in Chechnya between 2016 and 2020 and the lack of an effective investigation into the matter.<\/p>\n THE FACTS<\/strong><\/p>\n 2. The applicants were represented by lawyers from the non\u2011governmental organisations (NGOs) Memorial Human Rights Centre, Stichting Russian Justice Initiative, Astreya and Committee Against Torture. The Government were initially represented by Mr M. Galperin, former Representative of the Russian Federation to the European Court of Human Rights, and subsequently by Mr\u00a0M.\u00a0Vinogradov, his successor in that office.<\/p>\n 3. The applicants are Russian nationals. They are relatives of six men who were allegedly arrested by State agents in Chechnya and then disappeared. The applicants\u2019 personal details and their kinship to the missing men are set out in the appendix.<\/p>\n 4. The events complained of in applications nos. 48523\/19, 49533\/19 and 49902\/20 are linked to the same events as A.A. and Others v. Russia ([Committee], no.\u00a037008\/19, 14 December 2021), in which the Court found that between December 2016 and January 2017 five of the applicants\u2019 relatives had been abducted and executed by State agents in Chechnya.<\/p>\n I. INFORMATION PERTAINING TO APPLICATIONS Nos. 48523\/19, 49533\/19 AND 49902\/20<\/strong><\/p>\n A. Background information<\/strong><\/p>\n 5. Between the middle of December 2016 and the end of January 2017 the Chechen authorities detained a number of persons suspected of involvement in an attack on a police officer (see A.A. and Others v. Russia, cited above, \u00a7\u00a7 5-10) or because of their alleged homosexuality.<\/p>\n 6. According to the applicants, during the night of 25 to 26 January 2017 a mass execution of at least twenty-seven and up to fifty-six of the detained men, including four relatives (Mr\u00a0T.M., Mr Kh.Kh., Mr Sh.Yu. and Mr M.S.) of the applicants in applications nos. 48523\/19, 49533\/19 and 49902\/20, took place at the Akhmat Kadyrov police regiment in Grozny. The men executed were suspected either of the involvement in terrorism-related activities or of being homosexuals (ibid.).<\/p>\n 7. The incidents were investigated by a Russian newspaper, Novaya Gazeta, which published several reports describing the abductions and the execution. The articles were based on two detailed documents obtained from undisclosed sources in the Chechen police, which contained information on the identity and the circumstances of the arrest of the individuals detained between the middle of December 2016 and the end of January 2017. In one of the documents the names of the applicants\u2019 abducted relatives were listed among the victims, while the other contained a table with photographs of the victims which had been taken by the police shortly after their arrest. In one of the photographs Mr\u00a0Sh.Yu. was handcuffed to a radiator.<\/p>\n 8. In connection with the above-mentioned publications, between 19 and 21\u00a0September 2017 the High Commissioner for Human Rights in the Russian Federation, Ms\u00a0T.\u00a0Moskalkova, visited Chechnya with high\u2011ranking law\u2011enforcement officials.<\/p>\n 9. For more information concerning the above-mentioned allegations of forced disappearances and extrajudicial executions of individuals because of their alleged homosexuality, see Lapunov v. Russia, no. 28834\/19, \u00a7\u00a7 67-75, 12 September 2023.<\/p>\n B. Abductions of the applicants\u2019 relatives<\/strong><\/p>\n 1. Abduction of Mr T.M.<\/strong><\/p>\n 10. According to the applicants, on 10 January 2017 a group of men in camouflage uniforms arrived at Mr T.M.\u2019s house, forced him into the boot of one of their vehicles and took him away. The perpetrators also took with them two mobile telephones and a tablet computer. The whereabouts of Mr T.M. remain unknown.<\/p>\n 2. Abduction of Mr Kh.Kh.<\/strong><\/p>\n 11. According to the applicants, on 24 December 2016 a group of up to twelve armed men in black uniforms from the \u201cTerek\u201d Special Rapid Response Police Unit arrived at the house of Mr Kh.Kh., handcuffed him and forced him into their vehicle. They took his national passport and two mobile telephones and then drove off. The whereabouts of\u00a0Mr Kh.Kh. remain unknown.<\/p>\n 3. Abduction of Mr Sh.Yu.<\/strong><\/p>\n 12. According to the applicants, on 9 January 2017 a group of armed police officers arrested Mr\u00a0Sh.Yu. in his house in Argun and took him away. His whereabouts remain unknown.<\/p>\n 4. Abduction of Mr M.S.<\/strong><\/p>\n 13. According to the applicants, on 24 December 2016 a group of armed policemen, some of whom wore the black uniform of the Special Rapid Response Police Unit, arrested Mr M.S. at his house, telling the applicants that they were taking him to the police headquarters in Grozny. They then took M.S.\u2019s computer and mobile telephone, handcuffed him and took him away. His whereabouts remain unknown.<\/p>\n C. Subsequent relevant events<\/strong><\/p>\n 14. In its judgment in A.A. and Others v. Russia ([Committee], no.\u00a037008\/19, 14 December 2021), the Court has given credit to the statements of the applicants in that case, namely that on 8 February 2017 they and other relatives of the abducted persons had been invited to a meeting with the authorities in a community centre in Shali, Chechnya. The meeting, at which several hundred persons had been present, had been conducted by the chief of the second unit of the Kadyrov regiment, the head of the Shali district police department and other officials. The officials had intimidated the relatives of the abducted men, telling them that their other family members would disappear if any complaints of abduction were lodged (see A.A. and Others v. Russia, cited above, \u00a7\u00a7 25-26).<\/p>\n 15. According to the applicants, on 17 May 2017 police officers forced Mr Sh.Yu.\u2019s brother, Mr Yu., to write \u201cexplanations\u201d on behalf of his missing relative stating that he had not been arrested. In September 2017 Mr Yu. was forced to meet with the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Ms\u00a0T.\u00a0Moskalkova, posing as his missing brother, Sh.Yu. Owing to their resemblance, Ms Moskalkova did not notice the deception (ibid., \u00a7 26; see also paragraph 8 above).<\/p>\n 16. On 17 January 2018 the evening news broadcast of Grozny TV showed the Chechen President, Ramzan Kadyrov, speaking at\u00a0a\u00a0meeting with officials from the Ministry of\u00a0the Interior in Chechnya and the National Guard. Mr\u00a0Kadyrov announced a blood feud against criminal partners of terrorists, including their relatives who were filing complaints of abduction with the authorities, and promised \u201cto break the backbones\u201d of enemies of Chechnya, implying that human rights defenders were working for the benefit of those enemies and had \u201coffended Chechnya in an attempt to provoke us [the authorities]\u201d.<\/p>\n II. INQUIRY INTO THE ALLEGATIONS<\/strong><\/p>\n A. Refusals to open a criminal case<\/strong><\/p>\n 17. On 18 April 2017 the Novaya Gazeta newspaper requested the Main Investigative Department of the Russian Investigative Committee in the North Caucasus Federal Circuit (\u201cthe investigators\u201d) to open a criminal case into the abduction and extrajudicial execution of a number of residents of Chechnya, including Mr T.M., Mr Kh.Kh., Mr Sh.Yu. and Mr M.S., which had taken place between December 2016 and January 2017.<\/p>\n 18. On 19 April 2017, in reply to the newspaper\u2019s request, the investigators initiated a pre-investigation inquiry into the allegations.<\/p>\n 19. On 20 April 2017 the investigators questioned a journalist from Novaya Gazeta, Ms\u00a0E.\u00a0Milashina, who provided them with a detailed account of the events and the list of the executed men, which included the names of the applicants\u2019 missing relatives. She stated that the arrests had been carried out by the police and that the detainees had been detained in secret prisons, whose addresses she gave to the investigators during the questioning. Ms\u00a0Milashina was also ready to provide the list of witnesses and victims if the authorities guaranteed their personal safety; however, no such guarantees were given.<\/p>\n 20. On various dates between May and July 2017 the applicants lodged official complaints with the authorities, alleging that their relatives had been abducted by law-enforcement officers and referring to, inter alia, witness statements and information provided by Novaya Gazeta.<\/p>\n 21. On an unspecified date in May 2017 the investigators visited the locations of the alleged secret prisons and questioned eighteen police officers. No detainees were found at those locations and the officers unanimously denied having any information pertaining to the allegations.<\/p>\n 22. On 17 May 2017, taking into account the above and the statement made by Mr Yu. (see paragraph 15 above), the investigators refused to open a criminal case into the abductions of the missing men, including the applicants\u2019 four relatives.<\/p>\n 23. On 26 May 2017 the investigators\u2019 superiors overruled the above\u2011mentioned refusal as premature and ill-founded and ordered an additional inquiry. Subsequently, on six more occasions between 29 June and 25\u00a0December 2017, the investigators refused to open a criminal case. Each of the refusals was overruled and on each of those occasions, when criticising the investigators, their superiors pointed to the investigators\u2019 failure to comply with previously issued instructions, including the need to question local police officers about the alleged arrests and extrajudicial killings; to check whether the officers mentioned by relatives of the missing men had indeed participated in the arrest of their family members; to question all family members of the missing persons; to investigate all of the alleged secret prisons mentioned by Ms Milashina; to examine the criminal cases opened against twenty of the men on the list of missing persons; to question the chiefs of the police stations and their deputies who, according to the relatives of the abducted men, had been involved in the incidents; to examine registration logs at the police stations where the missing men might have been detained; to examine the social circles of the missing men and their social media accounts.<\/p>\n 24. On 25 December 2017, having taken none of the above-mentioned steps, the investigators once again refused to open a criminal case. On\u00a020\u00a0January 2018 their superiors overruled the refusal, citing the investigators\u2019 repeated failure to take the above-mentioned steps.<\/p>\n 25. On 9 February 2018 the investigators refused, for the eighth time, to open a criminal case for lack of proof that the alleged criminal offences had taken place.<\/p>\n B. Relevant information<\/strong><\/p>\n 26. At the end of June and the beginning of July 2017 criminal cases were opened against Mr Kh.Kh., Mr M.S. and Mr T.M. on suspicion of their participation in an illegal armed group in Syria. Similar cases were opened against nineteen other missing men. Their names were put on an international wanted list. No steps were taken by the authorities to investigate the missing men\u2019s alleged departure from Russia to Syria (see also A.A. and Others, cited above, \u00a7\u00a7 29-30).<\/p>\n C. Appeal against the refusals to open a criminal case<\/strong><\/p>\n 27. On 13 November 2018 the Novaya Gazeta publishing house and lawyers representing the families of two missing men appealed against the last refusal to the Yessentuki Town Court in the Stavropol Region (see paragraph 25 above). They argued that the decision had been unlawful, premature and ill\u2011founded on account of the perfunctory nature of the inquiry. In particular, the statement of Mr\u00a0Sh.Yu. obtained by the investigators had not actually been given by the man himself, but by his brother, Mr Yu. A photograph of the handcuffed Mr\u00a0Sh.Yu., which had been taken shortly after his allegedly unlawful arrest and then published by Novaya Gazeta, was enclosed. They further argued that there was no evidence that Mr\u00a0Kh.Kh., Mr\u00a0S.M. and Mr T.M. had either crossed the Russian border or entered Syria. The appeal set out an extensive list of contradictions in the evidence and various flaws in the investigative steps. It stressed that the Chechen law\u2011enforcement authorities had forced the families of the missing men to cease attempts to establish their whereabouts.<\/p>\n 28. On 14 December 2018 the Yessentuki Town Court dismissed the appeal, concluding that the refusal to open a criminal case had been well\u2011founded.<\/p>\n 29. On 22 December 2018 a lawyer representing Novaya Gazeta and several victims of the alleged crimes challenged the above-mentioned judgment before the Stavropol Regional Court, which on 12 March 2019 dismissed the appeal and upheld the lower court\u2019s finding (ibid, \u00a7\u00a7 39-42).<\/p>\n 30. The applicants, except for those in application no. 49902\/20, decided not to participate in the appeals out of fear, due to intimidation by the authorities (see paragraphs 14 and 16 above).<\/p>\n 31. No criminal case has been opened into the disappearance of the relatives of the applicants in applications nos. 48523\/19, 49533\/19 and 49902\/20. Their whereabouts remain unknown.<\/p>\n III. ABDUCTION OF THE APPLICANTS\u2019 RELATIVES AND RELEVANT INFORMATION PERTAINING TO APPLICATIONS Nos. 13837\/20 and 40452\/20<\/strong><\/p>\n A. Disappearance of Mr Aliyev (application no. 13837\/20)<\/strong><\/p>\n 32. On or before 10 February 2020 Mr Nillan Aliyev went from Dagestan to neighbouring Chechnya with his two friends, Mr S.M. and Mr Kh.A. They stayed at a hostel in Grozny. On 10 February 2020 the applicant spoke with her son by telephone; she attempted to reach him by telephone on 11\u00a0and\u00a012\u00a0February 2020, but to no avail.<\/p>\n 33. Between 17 and 19 February 2020 an anonymous caller informed the applicant by telephone that her son Nillan was being detained in the Oktyabrskiy district police station in Grozny. At the beginning of March 2020 a young woman called the applicant saying that she had found Mr Aliyev\u2019s mobile telephone and wanted to return it to her. The applicant transmitted that information to the investigators in Dagestan (see paragraph 37 below).<\/p>\n 34. On 11 March 2020 the applicant learned from publications in the local media that her son Nillan and his two friends had been detained by the Chechen law-enforcement authorities after posting a video on Instagram on 11 or 12 February 2020 in which they had criticised the Chechen President, Ramzan Kadyrov, calling him, among other things, \u201ca bearded puppet\u201d.<\/p>\n B. Investigation into the disappearance of Mr Aliyev<\/strong><\/p>\n 35. On 12 February 2020 the applicant complained about her son\u2019s disappearance to the authorities in Dagestan, which on an unspecified date in February 2020 opened a criminal case into the matter. On 13 February 2020 a friend of the three missing men also complained of their disappearance from Grozny, Chechnya, to the police in Derbent, Dagestan.<\/p>\n 36. On 21 February 2020 police officers from Derbent went to Grozny and interviewed the staff of the hostel where the applicant\u2019s son had been staying.<\/p>\n 37. On 26 February 2020 the Chechnya Investigative Committee opened an inquiry into the disappearance of the three men and, on 26 March 2020, opened criminal case no. 120029600250000006 under Article 105 of the Criminal Code (murder).<\/p>\n 38. On 27 March 2020 the investigators\u2019 superiors issued orders to the investigators, instructing them to take a number of steps in the criminal case, such as obtaining CCTV footage from the hostel and other places where the missing men had been seen in Grozny, questioning their friends and relatives and obtaining a copy of the video in which they had allegedly criticised the Chechen President. Those orders were not complied with.<\/p>\n 39. From the documents submitted to the Court it appears that the investigation into the criminal case concerning the disappearance of Mr\u00a0Aliyev is still ongoing; the circumstances of his disappearance remain unelucidated and his whereabouts unknown.<\/p>\n C. Disappearance of Mr Umarov (application no. 40452\/20)<\/strong><\/p>\n 40. At about 5.25 p.m. on 18 July 2020 officers from Grozny police station no. 1 (also known as the Leninskiy district police station) arrived at Mr Movsar Umarov\u2019s place of work and took him away in a Jeep with the registration number K302PA RUS. At about 9 p.m. on the same day another group of police officers took away Mr Umarov\u2019s Lada Priora car.<\/p>\n 41. On 19 July 2020 the applicant went to the police station, where an officer named Is. told him that Movsar Umarov had been arrested for watching videos of an opposition blogger who had criticised the Chechen authorities. On 20 July 2020 the applicant found out that Movsar Umarov had been transferred to the \u201c\u0420olk\u201d police unit at 10 Federativnaya Street in Grozny. The applicant and his relatives were told that they could pass on food to him.<\/p>\n 42. On 7 August 2020 the applicant and his relatives were told to come to the \u201c\u0420olk\u201d police unit, where, in a room with up to ten police officers present, they saw Movsar Umarov, who had a fresh burn injury of 3\u00a0by 1.5 cm on his arm. He looked thin, pale and depressed and did not speak.<\/p>\n 43. One of the officers, who identified himself as Dzhabrail, told the applicant and his relatives that Movsar Umarov had been \u201cpardoned\u201d by the Chechen President Kadyrov and spared execution. Movsar Umarov would therefore need to assist the police with a special operation to apprehend two men, one from Dagestan and another one from Ingushetia. If Movsar did that, he would be released. If not, then the police would fabricate a criminal case against him, he would end up serving a lengthy prison sentence and the applicant and his other relatives would lose their jobs.<\/p>\n 44. On 11 August 2020 Movsar Umarov called his wife and told her that he would be released later that day. However, he never returned home. On 16\u00a0or 17 August 2020 Movsar Umarov\u2019s wife, Ms A.G., learned that his car, which was being kept at the police unit on Federativnaya Street, had disappeared from the premises.<\/p>\n 45. On 18 August 2020 the applicant and his relatives were told to come to police station no.1, where the officer who had spoken with them at the \u201c\u0420olk\u201d police unit on 7 August 2020 informed them that Movsar Umarov had absconded. The applicant asked why, then, Movsar Umarov was neither being sought by the police as a criminal on the run nor declared missing, but the officer could not give any explanations.<\/p>\n 46. On 24 August 2020 the head of police station no.1, Officer I.K., told Movsar Umarov\u2019s mother that her son had absconded, having thwarted the police operation.<\/p>\n D. Investigation into the disappearance of Mr Umarov<\/strong><\/p>\n 47. On 21 August 2020 the applicant lodged a complaint that Mr Umarov had been abducted and on 28 August 2020 an inquiry into his disappearance was initiated by the Zavodskoy district investigative committee in Grozny.<\/p>\n 48. On various dates in September 2020 six police officers from police station no. 1 and three officers from the \u201c\u0420olk\u201d unit gave statements to the inquiry; all of them denied that Mr Umarov had either been brought to their stations or detained on their premises. On 15 September 2020 the investigators examined the place where Mr Umarov had allegedly been detained at the \u201c\u0420olk\u201d unit. No evidence was collected. When interviewed, two colleagues of Mr Umarov stated that they had not been at work on 18\u00a0July 2020.<\/p>\n 49. On 28 September 2020 the Chechnya Investigative Committee opened criminal case no. 12002960003000037 under Article 105 of the Criminal Code (murder) to investigate the disappearance of Mr Umarov.<\/p>\n 50. On 30 September 2020 the applicant\u2019s representatives requested that the investigators take a number of steps, including questioning the applicant, Movsar Umarov\u2019s wife and his mother; identifying the owners of black vehicles used by the abductors; identifying Officer Is. from police unit no.1; and questioning the three officers, Mr Bi., Mr M. and Mr Ba., whom the applicant had identified as being present during his last meeting with Movsar Umarov on 7 August 2020 at the \u201c\u0420olk\u201d unit and whose photographs were enclosed with the request.<\/p>\n 51. On 7 and 8 October 2020 the investigators granted the applicant, the wife of Movsar Umarov and his mother victim status in the criminal case and questioned them. All of them confirmed the version of the events as submitted in their application to the Court. In addition, the applicant stated that he was able to identify three of the officers who had been present during the meeting with Movsar Umarov on 7 August 2020 at the \u201c\u0420olk\u201d police unit. Those statements were not verified by the investigators.<\/p>\n 52. The investigation in the criminal case was suspended on several occasions, for the last time on 27 July 2021. The applicant and his relatives repeatedly requested access to the criminal case file but the requests were continually rejected by the investigators. The applicant repeatedly appealed against those refusals, but to no avail, as on 21 December 2022 the Chechnya Supreme Court upheld the last refusal to grant the applicant access to the criminal case file.<\/p>\n 53. It appears that the investigation is still ongoing, the circumstances of Movsar Umarov\u2019s disappearance remain unelucidated and his whereabouts remain unknown.<\/p>\n RELEVANT LEGAL FRAMEWORK<\/strong><\/p>\n 54. For a summary of the relevant domestic law, see Dalakov v. Russia (no. 35152\/09, \u00a7\u00a7 51-53, 16 February 2016), and Turluyeva v. Russia (no.\u00a063638\/09, \u00a7\u00a7 56-74, 20 June 2013).<\/p>\n THE LAW<\/strong><\/p>\n I. JOINDER OF THE APPLICATIONS<\/strong><\/p>\n 55. Having regard to the similar subject matter of the applications, the Court finds it appropriate to examine them jointly in a single judgment.<\/p>\n II. JURISDICTION<\/strong><\/p>\n 56. The Court observes that the facts giving rise to the alleged violations of the Convention occurred prior to 16 September 2022, the date on which the Russian Federation ceased to be a party to the Convention and that a significant proportion of the subsequent investigation took place also before that date. The Court therefore decides that it has jurisdiction to examine the present application (see Fedotova and Others v. Russia [GC], nos.\u00a040792\/10 and 2 others, \u00a7\u00a7\u00a068\u201173, 17 January 2023, and, mutatis mutandis, Pivkina and Others v. Russia (dec.), nos. 2134\/23 and 6 others, \u00a7\u00a7 56-57, 6 June 2023).<\/p>\n III. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 2 OF THE CONVENTION<\/strong><\/p>\n 57. The applicants complained that their relatives had disappeared after being abducted by State agents and that the authorities had failed to investigate the matter effectively, in violation of Article 2 of the Convention, the relevant part of which reads as follows:<\/p>\n \u201c1. Everyone\u2019s right to life shall be protected by law …\u201d<\/p>\n A. Admissibility<\/strong><\/p>\n 58. In respect of applications nos.\u00a048523\/19, 49533\/19 and 49902\/20, the\u00a0Government stated that the applicants had failed to challenge the last refusal to open a criminal case in the domestic courts. The Government did not comment on the admissibility or merits of applications nos.\u00a013837\/20 and 40452\/20.<\/p>\n 59. The applicants contested the Government\u2019s submission.<\/p>\n 60. The Court observes that in applications nos. 48523\/19, 49533\/19 and 49902\/20, the appeal against the refusal to open a criminal case was lodged in respect of all the missing men (see A.A. and Others v. Russia ([Committee], no.\u00a037008\/19, \u00a7\u00a7 39 and 48, 14 December 2021; see also paragraph 4 above). Nevertheless, it considers that the question of whether the applicants have exhausted the domestic remedy referred to by the Government is closely linked to the merits of the applicants\u2019 complaint under Article 2 of the Convention. The Court therefore decides to join it to the merits, which it will examine below. As to the Government\u2019s failure to comment on the admissibility or merits of applications nos. 13837\/20 and 40452\/20, the Court recalls that the respondent Government\u2019s abstention from further participation in the proceedings does not release them from the duty to cooperate with the Court and does not prevent the Court from continuing with the examination of applications where it retains jurisdiction. The Court may draw such inferences as it deems appropriate from a party\u2019s failure or refusal to participate effectively in the proceedings (Rule\u00a044C of the Rules of Court) (see Svetova and Others v. Russia, no.\u00a054714\/17, \u00a7\u00a7 29-31, 24 January 2023, and Glukhin v. Russia, no. 11519\/20, \u00a7\u00a7 42-43, 4 July 2023).<\/p>\n 61. The Court notes that the applicants\u2019 complaints are not manifestly ill\u2011founded within the meaning of Article 35 \u00a7 3 (a) of the Convention. It further notes that they are not inadmissible on any other grounds. They must therefore be declared admissible.<\/p>\n B. Merits<\/strong><\/p>\n 1. The parties\u2019 submissions<\/strong><\/p>\n 62. The applicants in all of the applications alleged that their relatives had disappeared after being abducted by State agents and that the ensuing investigation had been ineffective.<\/p>\n 63. The Government submitted that the allegations of abduction in applications nos. 48523\/19, 49533\/19 and 49902\/20 were unfounded, as the applicants\u2019 relatives had voluntarily left to join illegal armed groups in Syria, and that the investigation into the applicants\u2019 allegations had complied with the Convention standards. Furthermore, the applicants had impeded the investigation by informing the authorities more than six months after the incidents and by giving inconsistent statements to the investigators.<\/p>\n 64. The Government did not comment on the merits of applications nos.\u00a013837\/20 and 40452\/20.<\/p>\n 2. The Court\u2019s assessment<\/strong><\/p>\n (a) Alleged violation of the procedural limb of Article 2 of the Convention<\/p>\n 65. A summary of the relevant principles concerning allegations of abduction and murder perpetrated by State agents can be found in Dalakov v.\u00a0Russia (no. 35152\/09, \u00a7\u00a7 61-65, 16 February 2016), and Estemirova v.\u00a0Russia (no.\u00a042705\/11, \u00a7\u00a7 63-64, 31 August 2021).<\/p>\n 66. The Court observes that no fully fledged criminal investigation\u00a0into the disappearance of the applicants\u2019 relatives was\u00a0carried out in respect of applications nos. 48523\/19, 49533\/19 and 49902\/20 and that the investigations in the criminal cases relating to applications nos. 13837\/20 and 40452\/20 are still ongoing. The Government furnished part of the contents of the inquiry files in applications nos. 48523\/19, 49533\/19 and 49902\/20 and no documents in respect of applications nos. 13837\/20 and 40452\/20. Despite the limited number of documents, the Court is able to examine the case on the merits and to conclude that the investigation in all of the cases at hand fell below the Convention standards for the following reasons.<\/p>\n 67. The Court established in Aslakhanova and Others v.\u00a0Russia (nos.\u00a02944\/06 and 4 others, \u00a7\u00a7\u00a0219-21, 18 December 2012) that there had been a systemic failure to investigate unacknowledged detentions and disappearances perpetrated in Chechnya between 1999 and 2006 and after that period. Considering the cases of disappearances in the region adjudicated by the Court after Aslakhanova and Others (see, among the latest examples, A.A. and Others v. Russia, cited above, and Gasanova and Others v. Russia [Committee], no.\u00a045900\/19, 10 January 2023), the reactions of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe over the years (see, among the latest decisions, CM\/Del\/Dec(2021)1411\/H46-31 and CM\/Del\/Dec(2022)1436\/H46-24), as well as numerous reports by NGOs and international organisations on human rights violations in Chechnya (see,\u00a0among other authorities, Kutayev v.\u00a0Russia, no.\u00a017912\/15, \u00a7 100, 24\u00a0January 2023), the Court recognises that the systemic problem persists and extends not only to cases of disappearances and abductions, but more generally to the ineffectiveness of the investigations in Chechnya carried out in respect of the complaints under Articles 2 and 3 of the Convention and involving allegations against State agents.<\/p>\n (i) Applications nos. 48523\/19, 49533\/19 and 49902\/20<\/p>\n 68. Although the Government stated that the authorities had been unaware of the abductions for half a year on account of the long period of inaction on the part of the applicants (see paragraph 63 above), the evidence presented to the Court allows it to establish that the authorities became aware of the disappearance of the applicants\u2019 relatives, along with a number of other persons, on 19 April 2017 at the latest (see paragraph 18 above).<\/p>\n 69. As to the Government\u2019s reference to inconsistencies in the applicants\u2019 statements given during the inquiry, the investigators had the opportunity to verify that information by obtaining further evidence but no steps were taken in that direction (see A.A. and Others v. Russia, cited above, \u00a7 56). The information gathered by the investigators\u00a0should have led to the opening of a fully fledged criminal investigation, which is necessary in any case involving allegations of deprivation of life perpetrated by State agents and conflicting versions of events, as in the present case (see Dalakov, cited above, \u00a7\u00a7\u00a069\u201172). To this end the Court reiterates that the obligation to investigate\u00a0under Article\u00a02 of the Convention applies to cases where a person has disappeared in circumstances which may be regarded as life-threatening (see paragraph 76 below).<\/p>\n 70. With regard to the Government\u2019s objection of non-exhaustion of domestic remedies, in the light of the above and considering the eight refusals to open a fully fledged investigation (see paragraph 25 above), the remedy referred to by the Government appears to have been devoid of any purpose, given that the refusals to open a criminal case were consistently found to be deficient by the investigators\u2019 superiors (see paragraph 24 above; see also\u00a0Devyatkin v. Russia, no.\u00a040384\/06, \u00a7 30, 24 October 2017, and, for a similar situation,\u00a0Uzhakhov and Albagachiyeva v. Russia\u00a0[Committee], no.\u00a076635\/11, \u00a7 78, 23 June 2020). Accordingly, the Court finds that the applicants were not obliged to pursue the remedy referred to by the Government and dismisses their objection under this head.<\/p>\n (ii) Applications nos. 13837\/20 and 40452\/20<\/p>\n 71. From the applicant\u2019s submissions in application no.\u00a013837\/20 it appears that no steps were taken either to identify the man who had informed the applicant of Nillan Aliyev\u2019s detention at the police station (see paragraph\u00a033 above) or to examine its premises and registration logs to find out whether he had been detained there. The compulsory orders of the investigators\u2019 superiors prescribing the investigators to take basic steps to elucidate the circumstances of the crime have still not been complied with (see paragraph\u00a038 above).<\/p>\n 72. As to application no.\u00a040452\/20, the investigation in the criminal case was opened after an unexplained delay of more than one month after the formal complaint had been lodged, the applicant\u2019s and his relatives\u2019 statements concerning the direct involvement of State agents in the abduction of Movsar Umarov and his subsequent detention on State premises were not verified and the victims\u2019 access to the criminal case file was consistently refused.<\/p>\n (iii) Conclusion<\/p>\n 73. In view of the foregoing and considering the absence of any submissions by the Government in applications nos. 13837\/20 and 40452\/20, and also keeping in mind the systemic nature of the persistent problem of the ineffectiveness of investigations in Chechnya in respect of allegations of abductions perpetrated by State agents (see paragraph 67 above), the Court finds that the investigation into the disappearance of the applicants\u2019 relatives, Mr T.M., Mr Kh.Kh., Mr Sh.Yu., Mr M.S., Mr Aliyev and Mr Umarov, was ineffective.<\/p>\n (b) Alleged violation of the substantive limb of Article 2 of the Convention<\/p>\n 74. For a summary of the principles relating to the establishment of facts concerning matters in dispute, see\u00a0El-Masri v. the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia ([GC], no.\u00a039630\/09, \u00a7\u00a7 151-53, ECHR 2012) and in respect of the distribution of the burden of proof, see Turluyeva v.\u00a0Russia (no.\u00a063638\/09, \u00a7\u00a085, 20 June 2013).<\/p>\n 75. In applications nos.\u00a048523\/19, 49533\/19 and 49902\/20 the Government disputed that\u00a0the applicants\u2019 relatives\u00a0had been abducted by State agents and had remained missing, while in applications nos.\u00a013837\/20 and 40452\/20 the Government did not comment on the applicants\u2019 allegations. The key issue in each case is therefore to establish whether the applicants made a prima facie case for abduction by State agents.<\/p>\n 76. The Court observes that the Government\u2019s assertion that the applicants\u2019 missing relatives in applications nos. 48523\/19, 49533\/19 and 49902\/20 had voluntarily left for Syria is not substantiated by any evidence (see, for the same situation, A.A. and Others v. Russia, cited above, \u00a7 63) and no explanations were given by the Government as to the disappearance of the applicants\u2019 relatives in applications nos. 13837\/20 and 40452\/20. Taking into account detailed and consistent submissions by the applicants and other relevant material (ibid, \u00a7\u00a7 63-64), the Court is satisfied that the applicants in all the applications have made a prima facie case that their relatives were abducted by State agents and have been missing since then, as alleged by the applicants. Following its findings in a number of cases where similar detention by State agents was regarded as life-threatening (for recent examples, see S.A. and Others\u00a0v.\u00a0Russia [Committee], no.\u00a02297\/15, \u00a7 63, 14\u00a0January 2020; A.A. and Others v.\u00a0Russia, cited above, \u00a7 65; and Gasanova and Others, cited above, \u00a7\u00a7 8-10), the Court finds that the lack of information concerning the fate of Mr T.M., Mr Kh.Kh., Mr\u00a0Sh.Yu., Mr M.S., Mr Aliyev and Mr Umarov several years after their disappearance supports this assumption. Accordingly, the evidence available permits the Court to establish to the requisite standard of proof that\u00a0they must be presumed dead following their unacknowledged detention by State agents.<\/p>\n 77. That being so, and in the absence of any plausible justification put forward by the Government, the Court finds that the death of\u00a0Mr T.M., Mr\u00a0Kh.Kh., Mr Sh.Yu., Mr M.S., Mr Aliyev and Mr Umarov should be attributed to the State.<\/p>\n (c) Conclusion<\/p>\n 78. There has therefore been a violation of Article 2 of the Convention in its substantive and procedural aspects.<\/p>\n IV. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 3 OF THE CONVENTION<\/strong><\/p>\n 79. The applicants complained of a violation of Article 3 of the Convention on account of their mental suffering caused by the disappearance of their relatives. The applicant in application no. 40452\/20 also complained of ill-treatment of his brother Movsar Umarov by his abductors and the authorities\u2019 failure to investigate it. Article 3 reads as follows:<\/p>\n Article 3<\/p>\n \u201cNo one shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.\u201d<\/p>\n 80. In respect of applications nos. 48523\/19, 49533\/19 and 49902\/20, the Government asserted that the complaints were manifestly ill-founded. They did not comment on the admissibility and merits of the complaint in applications nos. 13837\/20 and 40452\/20.<\/p>\n 81. The applicants contested the Government\u2019s submissions.<\/p>\n A. Admissibility<\/strong><\/p>\n 82. The Court notes that these complaints are linked to those examined above under Article 2 and must therefore likewise be declared admissible.<\/p>\n B. Merits<\/strong><\/p>\n 1. Alleged ill-treatment of Movsar Umarov<\/strong><\/p>\n 83. The applicant alleged that, drawing inferences from Movsar Umarov\u2019s condition when he had seen him at the \u201cPolk\u201d police unit (see paragraph 42 above), he had reasonable grounds to conclude that his brother had been subjected to treatment in breach of Article\u00a03 of the Convention.<\/p>\n 84. The Court reiterates that allegations of ill-treatment must be supported by appropriate evidence. To assess this evidence, the Court adopts the standard of proof \u201cbeyond reasonable doubt\u201d but adds that such proof may follow from the coexistence of sufficiently strong, clear and concordant inferences or of similar unrebutted presumptions of fact (see\u00a0Ireland v.\u00a0the\u00a0United Kingdom, 18 January 1978, Series A no.\u00a025, pp.\u00a064-65, \u00a7\u00a0161\u00a0in\u00a0fine).<\/p>\n 85. The Court already established that Mr Umarov has been detained by State agents, following which he disappeared and must be presumed dead (see paragraph 76 above). Furthermore, the Court has no reasons to doubt the applicant\u2019s submissions that at the time of his arrest Movsar Umarov was in apparently good health (see paragraph 40 above) and that subsequently the applicant and his relatives saw him at the police station looking pale and with a fresh burn injury on his arm (see paragraph 42 above).<\/p>\n 86. Considering that the Government failed to put forward any plausible explanations as to the origins of the burn injury received by Movsar Umarov after this arrest, and taking into account the circumstances of his unacknowledged detention (see also paragraph 94 below), the Court considers that the evidence before it enables it to find beyond reasonable doubt that Mr Umarov was ill-treated while in the hands of State agents (see, for example, Khambulatova v. Russia, no. 33488\/04, \u00a7\u00a7 108-09, 3 March 2011).<\/p>\n 87. It follows that there has been a violation of Article 3 of the Convention under its substantive limb in that the applicant\u2019s brother Movsar Umarov was subjected to inhuman and degrading treatment in breach of this provision.<\/p>\n 2. Alleged lack\u00a0of investigation\u00a0into\u00a0Movsar Umarov\u2019s\u00a0ill-treatment<\/strong><\/p>\n 88. As to the complaint regarding the authorities\u2019 failure to duly investigate the ill-treatment of Movsar Umarov, for the reasons stated above in paragraph 73 in relation to the procedural obligation under Article 2 of the Convention, the Court concludes that the Government have failed to conduct an effective investigation into Mr Umarov\u2019s ill-treatment (see Gelayevy v.\u00a0Russia, no. 20216\/07, \u00a7 131, 15 July 2010).<\/p>\n 89. Accordingly, there has been a violation of Article 3 under its procedural limb.<\/p>\n 3. The applicants\u2019 mental suffering<\/strong><\/p>\n 90. The Court has found on numerous occasions that a situation of enforced disappearance gives rise to a violation of Article 3 of the Convention in respect of the close relatives of the victim on account of the distress and anguish that they suffered, and continue to suffer, as a result of their inability to ascertain the fate of their missing family members and of the manner in which their complaints have been dealt with (see\u00a0Adzhigitova and Others v.\u00a0Russia, no. 2593\/08, \u00a7 227, 22\u00a0June 2021; Aslakhanova and Others, cited above, \u00a7\u00a7 131-33, 18 December 2012; and A.A. and Others v. Russia, cited above, \u00a7 69). It therefore finds a violation of Article 3 of the Convention on that account in respect of the applicants.<\/p>\n V. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLEs 5 and 13 OF THE CONVENTION<\/strong><\/p>\n 91. The applicants complained of a violation of Article 5 of the Convention on account of the unlawfulness of their abducted relatives\u2019 detention and a violation of Article 13 on account of the lack of domestic remedies in respect of their complaints under Article\u00a02 of the Convention. The relevant provisions read as follows.<\/p>\n Article 5<\/p>\n \u201c1. Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person …\u201d<\/p>\n Article 13<\/p>\n \u201cEveryone whose rights and freedoms as set forth in [the] Convention are violated shall have an effective remedy before a national authority …\u201d<\/p>\n 92. The Government submitted that the applicants\u2019 complaints in applications nos. 48523\/19, 49533\/19 and 49902\/20 were unsubstantiated. They did not comment on the admissibility and merits of the complaints in applications nos. 13837\/20 and 40452\/20.<\/p>\n 93. The Court notes that the complaints are not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 \u00a7 3 (a) of the Convention. It further notes that they are not inadmissible on any other grounds and must therefore be declared admissible.<\/p>\n 94. The Court confirms that since it has been established that\u00a0Mr T.M., Mr Kh.Kh., Mr Sh.Yu., Mr M.S., Mr Aliyev and Mr Umarov were detained by State agents without any legal grounds or acknowledgment of such detention, this constitutes a particularly serious violation of Article 5 of the Convention (see\u00a0Tsakoyevy v. Russia, no.\u00a016397\/07, \u00a7\u00a0142, 2\u00a0October 2018, and A.A. and Others v. Russia, cited above, \u00a7 70). The Court accordingly finds a violation of that Article in respect of the applicants\u2019 missing relatives.<\/p>\n 95. The Court further finds that the applicants did not have an effective domestic remedy at their disposal for their grievances under Article 2\u00a0of the Convention, in breach of Article 13 of the Convention (see\u00a0Aslakhanova and Others, cited above, \u00a7 157).<\/p>\n VI. APPLICATION OF ARTICLE\u00a041 OF THE CONVENTION<\/strong><\/p>\n 96. Article\u00a041 of the Convention provides:<\/p>\n \u201cIf the Court finds that there has been a violation of the Convention or the Protocols thereto, and if the internal law of the High Contracting Party concerned allows only partial reparation to be made, the Court shall, if necessary, afford just satisfaction to the injured party.\u201d<\/p>\n 97. The applicants\u2019 claims in respect of pecuniary damage, costs and expenses and the amounts awarded are set out in the appendix. The applicants left the determination of the amount of the award in respect of non-pecuniary damage to the Court\u2019s discretion.<\/p>\n 98. The Government contested the claims in applications nos.\u00a048523\/19, 49533\/19 and 49902\/20 as unfounded.<\/p>\n 99. In respect of pecuniary damages claimed, the Court recalls that loss of earnings applies to close relatives of the disappeared persons, including spouses, elderly parents and children (see, among other authorities, Imakayeva v. Russia, no. 7615\/02, \u00a7 213, ECHR 2006\u2011XIII (extracts); as well as Ortsuyeva and Others v. Russia, no 3340\/08, \u00a7 119, 22 November 2016; and Murdalovy v. Russia, no. 51933\/08, \u00a7 108, 31 March 2020. Having regard to the documents in its possession, the Court awards the amounts indicated in the appendix in respect of pecuniary and non\u2011pecuniary damage and costs and expenses.<\/p>\n FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT, UNANIMOUSLY,<\/strong><\/p>\n 1. Decides to join the applications;<\/p>\n 2. Holds that it has jurisdiction to deal with the applicants\u2019 complaints as they relate to facts that took place before 16 September 2022;<\/p>\n 3. Joins to the merits the Government\u2019s preliminary objection concerning the exhaustion of domestic remedies in applications nos. 48523\/19, 49533\/19 and 49902\/20 and dismisses it;<\/p>\n 4. Declares the applications admissible;<\/p>\n 5. Holds that there has been a\u00a0substantive and procedural violation of Article\u00a02 of the Convention\u00a0in respect of Mr T.M., Mr Kh.Kh., Mr Sh.Yu., Mr\u00a0M.S., Mr\u00a0Aliyev and Mr Umarov on account of their enforced disappearance;<\/p>\n 6. Holds that there has been a substantive and procedural violation of Article\u00a03 of the Convention in respect Mr Movsar Umarov on account of his ill\u2011treatment;<\/p>\n 7. Holds that there has been a violation of Article 3 of the Convention in respect of each of the applicants on account of their mental suffering caused by the disappearance of their relatives;<\/p>\n 8. Holds that there has been a violation of Article 5 of the Convention in respect of Mr\u00a0T.M., Mr Kh.Kh., Mr Sh.Yu., Mr M.S., Mr Aliyev and Mr\u00a0Umarov on account of their unlawful detention;<\/p>\n 9. Holds that there has been a violation of Article 13 of the Convention in conjunction with Article 2 of the Convention;<\/p>\n 10. Holds<\/p>\n (a) that the respondent State is to pay the applicants, within three months from the date on which the judgment becomes final in accordance with Article\u00a044\u00a0\u00a7\u00a02 of the Convention, the amounts indicated in\u00a0the\u00a0appendix in respect of pecuniary and non-pecuniary damage and costs and expenses, plus any tax that may be chargeable to the applicants, the amounts in respect of costs and expenses to be paid into the account of the applicants\u2019 representatives as indicated by the applicants;<\/p>\n (b) that from the expiry of the above-mentioned three months until settlement simple interest shall be payable on those amounts at a rate equal to the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank during the default period plus three percentage points;<\/p>\n 11. Dismisses the remainder of the applicants\u2019 claims for just satisfaction.<\/p>\n Done in English, and notified in writing on 21 November 2023, pursuant to Rule\u00a077\u00a0\u00a7\u00a7\u00a02 and 3 of the Rules of Court.<\/p>\n Olga Chernishova \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Pere Pastor Vilanova ____________<\/p>\n APPENDIX<\/strong><\/p>\n Year of birth<\/strong><\/p>\n Place of residence<\/strong><\/td>\n <\/p>\n 12\/09\/2019<\/p>\n <\/p>\n N.A. and S.K. v.\u00a0Russia<\/td>\n 1960<\/p>\n Shali, Chechnya<\/td>\n Mr T.M.<\/td>\n Human<\/p>\n Rights Centre<\/td>\n 19,926 euros (EUR)<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Amount awarded:<\/p>\n EUR 10,000 (ten thousand euros) to the first applicant<\/td>\n EUR 11,977<\/p>\n and<\/p>\n 9,713 pounds sterling (GBP)<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Awarded:<\/p>\n EUR 12,000 to the first and second applicants jointly<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n 1958<\/p>\n Prigorodnoye, Chechnya<\/td>\n Mr Kh.Kh.<\/td>\n EUR 13,608<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Amount awarded:<\/p>\n EUR 7,000 (seven thousand euros) to the second applicant<\/td>\n <\/p>\n 12\/09\/2019<\/p>\n <\/p>\n S.Y. and Others v.\u00a0Russia<\/td>\n 1956<\/p>\n Kurchaloy, Chechnya<\/td>\n Mr Sh.Yu.<\/td>\n 480,123 Russian roubles (RUB)<\/p>\n (about EUR 6,000)<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Amount awarded:<\/p>\n EUR 5,000 (five thousand euros) to the first applicant<\/td>\n EUR 4,150<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Awarded:<\/p>\n EUR 3,000 to the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh applicants jointly<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n 1958<\/p>\n Kurchaloy, Chechnya<\/td>\n Mr Sh.Yu.<\/td>\n RUB 562,532<\/p>\n (about EUR 8,200)<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Amount awarded:<\/p>\n EUR 6,000 (six thousand euros) to the second applicant<\/p>\n <\/td>\n 1988<\/p>\n Argun, Chechnya<\/td>\n Mr Sh.Yu.<\/td>\n RUB 1,819,820<\/p>\n (about EUR 26,400)<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Amount awarded:<\/p>\n EUR 16,000 (sixteen thousand euros) to the third applicant<\/p>\n <\/td>\n 2008<\/p>\n Argun, Chechnya<\/td>\n Mr Sh.Yu.<\/td>\n RUB 162,376<\/p>\n (about EUR 2,400)<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Amount awarded:<\/p>\n EUR 2,000 (two thousand euros) to the fourth applicant<\/td>\n 2009<\/p>\n Argun, Chechnya<\/td>\n Mr Sh.Yu.<\/td>\n RUB 188,001<\/p>\n (about EUR 2,700)<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Amount awarded:<\/p>\n EUR 2,000 (two thousand euros) to the fifth applicant<\/p>\n <\/td>\n 2013<\/p>\n Argun, Chechnya<\/p>\n <\/td>\n Mr Sh.Yu.<\/td>\n RUB 264,874<\/p>\n (about EUR 3,800)<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Amount awarded:<\/p>\n EUR 3,000 (three thousand euros) to the sixth applicant<\/p>\n <\/td>\n 2015<\/p>\n Argun, Chechnya<\/td>\n Mr Sh.Yu.<\/td>\n RUB 304,165<\/p>\n (about EUR 4,400)<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Amount awarded:<\/p>\n EUR 4,000 (four thousand euros) to the seventh applicant<\/p>\n <\/td>\n <\/p>\n 09\/11\/2020<\/p>\n <\/p>\n A.S. and S.A. v.\u00a0Russia<\/td>\n 1998<\/p>\n Bamberg, Germany<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n (2) Ms S.A.<\/strong><\/p>\n 1957<\/p>\n Bamberg, Germany<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/strong><\/td>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n Mother of Mr\u00a0M.S.<\/td>\n RUB 1,276,080<\/p>\n (about EUR 13,600)<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n Amount awarded:<\/p>\n EUR 7,000 (seven thousand euros) to the second applicant<\/p>\n <\/td>\n EUR 6,099<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n Awarded:<\/p>\n EUR 3,000 to the first and second applicants jointly<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n <\/p>\n 16\/03\/2020<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Kazimova v. Russia<\/p>\n <\/td>\n 1963<\/p>\n Derbent, Dagestan<\/td>\n 1,553,664 RUB<\/p>\n (about EUR 17,000)<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Amount awarded: EUR (about EUR 9,000)<\/p>\n <\/td>\n EUR 4,066<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n Awarded:<\/p>\n EUR 3,000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n <\/p>\n 14\/09\/2020<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Umarov v.\u00a0Russia<\/p>\n <\/td>\n 1988<\/p>\n Naurskaya, Chechnya<\/td>\n <\/td>\n
\n
\nTHIRD SECTION
\nCASE OF N.A. AND OTHERS v. RUSSIA<\/strong>
\n(Applications nos.\u00a048523\/19 and 4 others \u2013 see appended list)<\/em>
\nJUDGMENT<\/p>\n
\nArt 3 (substantive and procedural) \u2022 Ill-treatment of the brother of one of the applicants in detention amounting to inhuman and degrading treatment and ineffective investigation in that regard \u2022 Mental suffering caused by disappearance of applicants\u2019 relatives
\nArt 5 \u00a7 1 \u2022 Lawful arrest or detention \u2022 Detention of applicants\u2019 relatives unacknowledged and without legal basis
\nArt 13 (+ Art 2) \u2022 Lack of effective remedy<\/p>\n
\n21 November 2023<\/p>\n
\nPere Pastor Vilanova, President,
\nJolien Schukking,
\nYonko Grozev,
\nGeorgios A. Serghides,
\nPeeter Roosma,
\nIoannis Ktistakis,
\nAndreas Z\u00fcnd, judges,
\nand Olga Chernishova, Deputy Section Registrar,
\nHaving regard to:<\/p>\n
\nthe decision to give notice to the Russian Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) of the complaints concerning Articles 2, 3, 5 and 13 of the Convention and to declare the remainder of the applications inadmissible;
\nthe decisions not to disclose the applicants\u2019 names in applications nos.\u00a048523\/19, 49533\/19 and 49902\/20;
\nthe parties\u2019 observations;
\nthe decision of the President of the Section to appoint one of the elected judges of the Court to sit as an ad hoc judge, applying by analogy Rule 29 \u00a7\u00a02 of the Rules of Court (see Kutayev v.\u00a0Russia, no.\u00a017912\/15, \u00a7\u00a7\u00a05-8, 24\u00a0January 2023);<\/p>\n
\nDeputy Registrar \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 President<\/p>\n\n\n
\n No.<\/strong><\/td>\n Application no.
\nDate of application
\nCase title<\/strong><\/td>\nApplicant<\/strong><\/p>\n Kinship to the abducted person<\/strong><\/td>\n Represented by<\/strong><\/td>\n Pecuniary damage claimed and amount awarded by the Court<\/strong><\/td>\n Amount awarded by the Court in respect of non\u2011pecuniary damage<\/strong><\/td>\n Costs and expenses claimed and awarded<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n\n \n 1<\/td>\n no. 48523\/19<\/p>\n (1) Ms N.A.<\/strong><\/p>\n Mother of<\/p>\n Memorial<\/p>\n Amount claimed:<\/p>\n EUR 60,000 (sixty thousand euros) to the first applicant<\/td>\n Claimed:<\/p>\n \n (2) Mr S.K.<\/strong><\/p>\n Father of<\/p>\n Amount claimed:<\/p>\n EUR 60,000 (sixty thousand euros) to the second applicant<\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 2<\/td>\n no. 49533\/19<\/p>\n (1) Mr S.Y.<\/strong><\/p>\n Father of<\/p>\n Stichting Russian Justice Initiative \/ Astreya<\/td>\n Amount claimed:<\/p>\n EUR 60,000 (sixty thousand euros) to the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh applicants jointly<\/td>\n Claimed:<\/p>\n \n (2) Ms Kh.Yu.<\/strong><\/p>\n Mother of<\/p>\n Amount claimed:<\/p>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n (3) Ms Z.Sh.<\/strong><\/p>\n Wife of<\/p>\n Amount claimed:<\/p>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n (4) Mr I.Yu.<\/strong><\/p>\n Son of<\/p>\n Amount claimed:<\/p>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n (5) Ms Z.Yu.<\/strong><\/p>\n Daughter of<\/p>\n Amount claimed:<\/p>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n (6) Ms M. Yu.<\/strong><\/p>\n Daughter of<\/p>\n Amount claimed:<\/p>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n (7) Ms S.Yu.<\/strong><\/p>\n Daughter of<\/p>\n Amount claimed:<\/p>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 3.<\/td>\n no. 49902\/20<\/p>\n (1) Mr A. S.<\/strong><\/p>\n Brother of Mr\u00a0M.S., who was born in 1993<\/p>\n Stichting Russian Justice Initiative \/ Astreya<\/td>\n Amount claimed by the second applicant only:<\/p>\n EUR 60,000 (sixty thousand euros) to the first and second applicants jointly<\/td>\n Claimed:<\/p>\n \n 4.<\/td>\n no. 13837\/20<\/p>\n Ms Nargiz KAZIMOVA<\/strong><\/p>\n Mother of Mr\u00a0Nillan Aliyev, who was born in 1989<\/td>\n Stichting Russian Justice Initiative \/ Astreya<\/td>\n Amount claimed:<\/p>\n EUR 60,000 (sixty thousand euros)<\/td>\n Claimed:<\/p>\n \n 5.<\/td>\n no. 40452\/20<\/p>\n Mr Musa UMAROV<\/strong><\/p>\n Brother of Mr\u00a0Movsar Umarov, who was born in 1986<\/td>\n Committee Against Torture<\/td>\n –<\/p>\n EUR 60,000 (sixty thousand euros)<\/td>\n –<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n