The case concerns the applicant\u2019s complaint under Article\u00a06 of the Convention that his right to legal assistance had been breached, notably because his waiving of his right to a lawyer had not been valid as he had been suffering from the effects of drug addiction and withdrawal symptoms when he signed it.<\/p>\n
European Court of Human Rights Art 6 \u00a7 1 (criminal) and Art 6 \u00a7 3 (c) \u2022 Fair hearing \u2022 Validity of waiver of the right to legal assistance signed by the applicant while in unrecorded detention and suffering from drug withdrawal symptoms \u2022 In such circumstances, voluntary nature of waiver open to doubt \u2022 Domestic courts\u2019 failure to adequately scrutinise waiver\u2019s validity and applicant\u2019s mental state during on-site reconstruction of the crime \u2022 Applicant vulnerable on account of his state of health \u2022 Statements made in absence of a lawyer directly incriminating and a very significant part of the evidence against the applicant \u2022 Initial procedural defects of the investigation not remedied by the criminal proceedings \u2022 Government\u2019s failure to demonstrate in case circumstances why the overall fairness of the trial was not irretrievably prejudiced by restriction of applicant\u2019s access to legal advice STRASBOURG This judgment will become final in the circumstances set out in Article 44 \u00a7 2 of the Convention. It may be subject to editorial revision.<\/p>\n In the case of Bogdan v. Ukraine,<\/strong><\/p>\n The European Court of Human Rights (Fifth Section), sitting as a Chamber composed of: Having regard to: Having deliberated in private on 16 January 2024,<\/p>\n Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date:<\/p>\n INTRODUCTION<\/strong><\/p>\n 1. The case concerns the applicant\u2019s complaint under Article\u00a06 of the Convention that his right to legal assistance had been breached, notably because his waiving of his right to a lawyer had not been valid as he had been suffering from the effects of drug addiction and withdrawal symptoms when he signed it.<\/p>\n THE FACTS<\/strong><\/p>\n 2. The applicant was born in 1988 and is detained in Vinnytsya. He was represented by Mr A.\u00a0Kadochnikov, a lawyer practising in Vinnytsya.<\/p>\n 3. The Government were represented by their Agent, Ms\u00a0Marharyta Sokorenko.<\/p>\n 4. The facts of the case may be summarised as follows.<\/p>\n I. Criminal proceedings against the applicant<\/strong><\/p>\n 5. In the early hours of 14 April 2014 Mr P.\u2019s garage was burgled and some of his possessions (bikes, an inflatable boat, fishing equipment and sundry other items) were stolen. On the same day a criminal investigation was opened in that connection.<\/p>\n 6. The applicant\u2019s first interaction with the police in connection with the theft occurred late at night on 14 April 2014; the nature of those interactions was later described by the police, their statements are summarised in paragraph\u00a024 below.<\/p>\n 7. On 16\u00a0April 2014 a police investigator drew up a report, stating that between 4.35 and 4.40 p.m. on the same date the applicant had been informed that he was suspected of aggravated theft and that, in that connection, he was entitled to the assistance of a lawyer, whom he could choose himself or who could be appointed for him at the State\u2019s expense. The applicant added a handwritten note to this printed report, stating that \u201cat the current time I am refusing the services of a lawyer; this is not related to my financial situation\u201d (\u201c\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0433 \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0438\u0441\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043c\u043e\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0441\u044c, \u0449\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u2019\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0437 \u043c\u043e\u0457\u043c \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0449\u0435\u043c\u201d). The applicant and the police investigator both signed the report.<\/p>\n 8. On 16 April 2014, from 6.55 to 7.35 p.m., the investigator conducted an on-site reconstruction of the event, in which the applicant participated. The reconstruction was observed by Mr and Ms S., attesting witnesses. The applicant demonstrated how he had committed the theft. His statements were included in the police report and photographs were taken.<\/p>\n 9. On 17 April 2014 an arrest report was drawn up. It noted that the applicant was arrested at 1.35 p.m. within the premises of the Vinnytsya city police station.<\/p>\n 10. On 13 May 2014 a local addiction-treatment centre informed the investigating authority that, as of 18 April 2014, the applicant had been registered with it as an outpatient, with the diagnosis \u201cpsychological and behavioural disorders caused by opioid and amphetamine use.\u201d<\/p>\n 11. When the case came to trial the applicant requested a legal-aid lawyer and on 4 July 2014 a lawyer was assigned to his case.<\/p>\n 12. During the trial the applicant pleaded not guilty. He stated that he had purchased the goods in question (which turned out to be the victim\u2019s stolen possessions) from an unknown individual and had then resold them to another stranger. The police had arrested him on 14 April 2014 and had subjected him to \u201cpsychological and physical pressure\u201d, resulting in a false confession. An ambulance had had to be repeatedly called for him at the detention centre.<\/p>\n 13. On 16 September 2014 the Vinnytsya City Court (the trial court) instructed the prosecutor\u2019s office to investigate the applicant\u2019s complaint of ill-treatment by the police (see paragraphs 22 to 24 below for the results of that investigation).<\/p>\n 14. On 26 December 2014 the trial court convicted the applicant of theft aggravated by burglary and sentenced him to six years\u2019 imprisonment. It relied on the following evidence.<\/p>\n (i) Testimony given by Mr K., who stated that on the day of the theft he had bought two bikes, a boat and fishing equipment from the applicant.<\/p>\n (ii) The reconstruction report (see paragraph 8 above). The report indicated that the applicant had freely demonstrated, without any pressure and in the presence of two attesting witnesses, how he had committed the theft.<\/p>\n (iii) Testimony given by Mr P. (the victim), his wife Ms P. and Ms S., an attesting witness, to the effect that they had observed the reconstruction of the event during which the applicant had willingly demonstrated, without any pressure, how he had committed the theft in the victim\u2019s garage.<\/p>\n (iv) Police and technical expert reports, showing that the garage had been burgled.<\/p>\n 15. The trial court found that the applicant\u2019s allegations that he had confessed under duress were unsubstantiated and had been invalidated by the decision of 16 October 2014 to discontinue the related criminal investigation against the police officers (see paragraph 22 below). As to the right to a lawyer, it held that the applicant had waived that right and the law did not require the mandatory participation of a lawyer.<\/p>\n 16. The applicant appealed against that judgment. He contested the assessment of the evidence by the trial court and, in particular, the results of the reconstruction. He pointed out that no video recording had been made during the reconstruction and that the photos taken during it were of such low quality that it was impossible to identify what the applicant had been pointing at. He added that only one of the attesting witnesses had been questioned in court. This had made it impossible to ascertain with certainty whether the police had told the applicant before the reconstruction what he was to say and what he should point at. Moreover, the trial court had failed to take into account the fact that during the reconstruction the applicant had been suffering from withdrawal symptoms, which was proven by the discontinuation decision cited by the trial court. The fact that the applicant was suffering from a mental disorder due to opioid and amphetamine abuse should also have been taken into consideration. For those reasons, and in view of the absence of a lawyer, the evidence was questionable. The applicant concluded that, fearing the police and suffering from withdrawal symptoms, he had falsely incriminated himself.<\/p>\n 17. On 5 March 2015 the Vinnytsya Regional Court of Appeal upheld the applicant\u2019s conviction. It considered that there was sufficient proof of his guilt. It held that the reconstruction had been conducted lawfully and the trial court had correctly found it sufficient to examine only one of the attesting witnesses. The applicant had himself waived his right to a lawyer. The Court of Appeal also referred to the discontinuation of criminal proceedings against the police officers on 16 October 2014 (see paragraph 22 below).<\/p>\n 18. The applicant\u2019s lawyer lodged a cassation appeal, using the same arguments as before the regional court. He added that the applicant had de facto been arrested on 14 April 2014. When he signed the waiver he had already been in unrecorded detention without his rights having been explained to him, in breach of Article\u00a05 of the Convention.<\/p>\n In any event, there had been a legal requirement to appoint a lawyer to represent the applicant after the investigating authority received, on 18\u00a0April 2014, an official certificate stating that he was suffering from a mental disorder caused by drug abuse (see paragraph 27 below). However, the trial and appellate courts had not properly assessed those circumstances. Accordingly, all the material gathered with the applicant during the investigation activities was questionable and could not be relied upon. That argument was further supported by the fact that the applicant had been suffering from withdrawal symptoms of such severity that an ambulance had to be repeatedly called; subjecting him to investigative activities at that time had thus amounted to ill-treatment. The use of such evidence was contrary to the Code of Criminal Procedure and the Convention.<\/p>\n 19. On 1 October 2015 the Higher Specialised Civil and Criminal Court upheld the conviction. Concerning in particular the right to a lawyer, it stated that, when the applicant was arrested, the investigating authority had not known that he was suffering from a mental disorder caused by drug use. The investigating authority had only learned of the applicant\u2019s addiction-related psychological and behavioural disorders on 13 May 2014, when the centre provided it with the relevant certificate (see paragraph 10 above). No investigation activities had been conducted after that date. Accordingly, there had been no grounds under domestic law (see paragraph 27 below) for the mandatory participation of a lawyer. The case file material showed that the applicant\u2019s right to a lawyer had been explained to him and that he had personally written in the relevant record that he was waiving his right to a lawyer for reasons unrelated to his financial situation.<\/p>\n II. Proceedings for extraordinary review before the Supreme Court<\/strong><\/p>\n 20. The Deputy Prosecutor General and the applicant\u2019s lawyer petitioned the Supreme Court of Ukraine for an extraordinary review of the Higher Court\u2019s decision in the applicant\u2019s case. They alleged that its decision entailed a divergence from the Supreme Court\u2019s case-law concerning the possibility, under domestic law (see paragraph 28 below), for a criminal defendant to waive his right to a lawyer validly in the absence of a lawyer. They believed that in other decisions the Higher Court had correctly assessed that no waiver was possible in the absence of a lawyer and urged the Supreme Court to quash the Higher Court\u2019s decision in the applicant\u2019s case, owing to the violation of his right to a lawyer. The applicant\u2019s lawyer also reiterated, in substance, the arguments raised in the applicant\u2019s initial appeals.<\/p>\n 21. On 21 April 2016 the Supreme Court of Ukraine found that the decisions cited by the petitioners did indeed indicate a disagreement in the case-law as to whether the presence of a lawyer was needed for a waiver to be valid, and declared the petitions admissible on that basis. However, it rejected the applicant\u2019s petition, finding that the criterion in the domestic law that a valid waiver of the right to a lawyer required the presence of a lawyer applied only to situations where a lawyer had already been appointed by a defendant or on his or her behalf. That had not been the situation in the applicant\u2019s case.<\/p>\n The applicant\u2019s right to a lawyer had been duly explained to him and he had waived it. At the time, there had been no indication that there were grounds to require the mandatory participation of a defence lawyer.<\/p>\n III. Criminal investigation into the applicant\u2019s allegations<\/strong><\/p>\n 22. On 16 October 2014 and 30 June 2016 the prosecutor\u2019s office, in nearly identical decisions, discontinued the investigation into the applicant\u2019s complaint of ill-treatment by the police, finding that the constituent elements of an offence had not been made out in the police officers\u2019 actions.<\/p>\n In summarising the evidence gathered during the investigation, the prosecutor stated that the applicant had asserted that he had been pressured psychologically and struck on the head and body by the police officers to force him to confess, while the officers denied that there had been any ill\u2011treatment. The applicant had been held in a police temporary detention centre from 17 to 25 April 2014, when he was transferred to a pre-trial detention facility. No injuries or complaints were recorded on his arrival at either facility. The police detention centre reported that an ambulance had been called for the applicant eleven times and that the diagnosis had been \u201cdrug withdrawal syndrome.\u201d The pre-trial detention facility stated that the applicant had been examined by medical staff on arrival and, because he had been diagnosed with opioid addiction, it had been decided not to accept him in the facility and to transfer him to a medical facility instead.<\/p>\n 23. The decisions to discontinue the investigations were overruled as premature. In particular, in quashing the decision of 30 June 2016 the Vinnytsya City Court stated that the prosecutor\u2019s office had not conducted all possible steps to clarify the circumstances surrounding the allegations. In particular, it had failed to investigate the circumstances under which an ambulance had been repeatedly called for the applicant and to question the medical staff of the pre-trial detention facility.<\/p>\n 24. On 13 May 2017 the criminal proceedings were again discontinued, essentially for the same reasons. In his decision, the prosecutor summarised the statements by the pre-trial detention facility\u2019s medical staff and the records confirming their previous statements.<\/p>\n The prosecutor also summarised the police officers\u2019 statements concerning their interactions with the applicant on 14\u00a0April\u00a02014. At around 6\u00a0p.m. on that day two police officers had received information about the possible sale of the items stolen from Mr P. Arriving at the scene of the possible sale, they had noticed individuals loading some items into a car; the individuals appeared to behave nervously after noticing the police. The police had followed one of the pair (the applicant) and stopped him around midnight. In conversation he had admitted to having committed a number of thefts, including the one at Mr P.\u2019s garage. They had accordingly invited him to the police station and he had agreed to accompany them. On arrival at the police station at 1 a.m. on 15 April 2014 the applicant had been interviewed about his crimes, including thefts. The applicant had remained in the station by choice; he had not been under arrest and no arrest report had been drawn up.<\/p>\n Early in the morning the officers told him to go, having obtained his phone number and an undertaking to appear when summoned. However, the applicant had refused to leave, explaining that he had nowhere to stay. He had been allowed to remain at the station and the police had given him money for food and for painkillers, as the applicant had explained that he had tuberculosis and was suffering from oedema and lesions on his legs caused by drug use. The applicant eventually left the station on 15 April 2014.<\/p>\n Around midday on 15 April 2014 the officers, based on information provided by the applicant, went to another city to search for Mr\u00a0P\u2019s stolen property, which they found.<\/p>\n 25. The decision of 13 May 2017 to discontinue proceedings was overruled by the Vinnytsya City Court on 27 November 2017. The proceedings were again discontinued, for lack of the constituent elements of a crime, on 28 September 2018.<\/p>\n RELEVANT LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND PRACTICE<\/strong><\/p>\n I. Code of Criminal Procedure 2012<\/strong><\/p>\n 26. Article 49 of the Code of Criminal Procedure requires the relevant authority in charge of the case (investigator, prosecutor or the court) to ensure that a legal aid lawyer is appointed if: (i) the defendant fails to appoint a lawyer even though the participation of a defence lawyer is mandatory (Article\u00a052 of the Code \u2013 see paragraph 27 below); or (ii) the defendant asks for a defence lawyer but lacks the necessary funds or for other objective reasons cannot hire a lawyer him- or herself; or (iii) the relevant authority considers that the circumstances of the criminal investigation require the participation of a defence lawyer but the defendant fails to hire one; or (iv) in other situations envisaged by the Legal Aid Act (2011).<\/p>\n 27. Article 52 of the Code provides that the designation and participation of a defence lawyer in the proceedings is mandatory in a number of specifically enumerated categories of cases. This concerns, in particular, defendants with psychological or physical disabilities (\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0438) such as deafness, blindness and other conditions which prevent them from fully exercising their rights. In such cases the participation of a defence lawyer is mandatory from the moment that the existence of such a disability is established.<\/p>\n 28. Article 54 \u00a7 2 of the Code provides that a waiver of the right to a defence lawyer or replacement of a defence lawyer can be effected only in the presence of a defence lawyer and after an opportunity has been provided for confidential consultation with him or her. The waiver is to be recorded in a report. Article 54\u00a0\u00a7\u00a03 provides that a waiver of the right to a defence lawyer cannot be accepted if the participation of a lawyer in the proceedings is mandatory.<\/p>\n 29. Article 87 declares inadmissible any evidence obtained as a result of a \u201cserious violation\u201d of human rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution, laws or international treaties. It goes on to provide examples of actions that constitute \u201cserious violations\u201d, including the gathering of evidence as a result of ill-treatment and breaches of the right of defence.<\/p>\n II. Review of the domestic case-law published by the Plenary of the Higher Specialised Civil and Criminal Court<\/strong><\/p>\n 30. On 25 September 2015 the Plenary of the Higher Specialised Civil and Criminal Court published and communicated to the regional courts of appeal a review it had undertaken of the lower courts\u2019 case-law concerning the right to defence in criminal proceedings. Section 2.3 of the report focused on defendants suffering from psychological or physical disabilities which prevented them from fully exercising their rights (see paragraph 27 above).<\/p>\n The Plenary stated that the question whether a person was suffering from such psychological disabilities had to be examined on a case-by-case basis and explained that such circumstances could be established through documents showing that a person had been recognised as disabled because of mental illness, that he or she was registered as a patient at a mental health facility, or that a medical institution certified the person as suffering from chronic alcoholism or drug addiction resulting in psychological and behavioural disorders.<\/p>\n The Plenary cited with approval a ruling by a district court in April\u00a02013 directing that a legal aid lawyer be appointed for a defendant because she was registered as an outpatient with the diagnosis \u201cpsychological and behavioural disorders caused by opioid use.\u201d<\/p>\n THE LAW<\/strong><\/p>\n III. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 6 OF THE CONVENTION<\/strong><\/p>\n 31. The applicant, relying on Article 6 of the Convention, complained that his right of access to a lawyer had been breached.<\/p>\n 32. The Court notes that the requirements of Article 6 \u00a7 3 constitute specific aspects of the right to a fair trial guaranteed under Article 6 \u00a7 1. The Court, accordingly, will examine the applicant\u2019s complaints under those provisions taken together (see, for example, G\u00e4fgen v. Germany [GC], no.\u00a022978\/05, \u00a7\u00a0169, ECHR 2010). They read as follows, insofar as relevant:<\/p>\n \u201c1. In the determination of … any criminal charge against him, everyone is entitled to a fair … hearing … by [a] … tribunal …<\/p>\n 3. Everyone charged with a criminal offence has the following minimum rights:<\/p>\n …<\/p>\n (c) to defend himself in person or through legal assistance of his own choosing or, if he has not sufficient means to pay for legal assistance, to be given it free when the interests of justice so require;<\/p>\n ….\u201d<\/p>\n A. Admissibility<\/strong><\/p>\n 33. The Court notes that the application is neither manifestly ill-founded nor inadmissible on any other grounds listed in Article\u00a035 of the Convention. It must therefore be declared admissible.<\/p>\n B. Merits<\/strong><\/p>\n 1. The parties\u2019 submissions<\/strong><\/p>\n (a) The applicant<\/p>\n 34. The applicant submitted that, when he signed the waiver on 16\u00a0April 2014 and until he was officially arrested on 17 April 2014, he had actually been present in the police station, and thus unofficially detained. The applicant considered that the Government had not refuted the allegation that he had been suffering from withdrawal symptoms which had affected his understanding when the right to defence was explained to him. He submitted that police pressure had also been a factor.<\/p>\n 35. The applicant further argued that the Government\u2019s objection that the authorities had only become aware of his addiction on 13 May 2014 did not stand up to scrutiny, since he had been officially arrested on 17 April 2014 and on the very next day (18 April), while he was under the authorities\u2019 control, medical records were created for him at the addiction treatment centre. Even after the authorities received that information, they had not appointed a lawyer for him until the court hearing.<\/p>\n 36. According to the decisions discontinuing proceedings against the police officers, while the applicant was held in the temporary detention centre in the municipal police station an ambulance had been called for him eleven times because of his complaints about withdrawal symptoms. The applicant referred to the review published by the Plenary of the Higher Specialised Court, stating that documented drug addiction could affect the exercise of a person\u2019s right to defence and require the mandatory appointment of a defence lawyer (see paragraph 30 above).<\/p>\n 37. He further alleged that there was no independent evidence establishing his involvement in the offence or even his presence at the crime scene. His conviction had been based on the statements he had made during the reconstruction, which had been conducted without the assistance of a lawyer.<\/p>\n 38. As a result of the combined circumstances of the applicant\u2019s detention, the failure to provide him with a lawyer, and the withdrawal syndrome (a disorder established by the medical certificate), he had been unable to defend himself properly. No examination of his mental state had been conducted at the relevant time.<\/p>\n (b) The Government<\/p>\n 39. The Government submitted that the authorities had only become aware that the applicant was registered as suffering from an addiction-related illness on 13 May 2013 (see paragraph 19 above). The domestic courts at three instances had examined and rejected the applicant\u2019s complaint concerning the absence of a lawyer at the reconstruction. The applicant\u2019s right to a lawyer had been duly explained to him and he had confirmed this by signing the relevant report. He had knowingly participated in the reconstruction in the absence of defence counsel. As in the case of Trymbach v.\u00a0Ukraine (no.\u00a044385\/02, \u00a7 64, 12 January 2012), there had been no violation of the applicant\u2019s rights. The applicant\u2019s complaint was of a \u201cfourth-instance\u201d nature because it merely contested the domestic courts\u2019 assessment of the evidence. The reasoning of the domestic courts had not been arbitrary or manifestly unreasonable, especially given that they based the conviction on a range of evidence other than the applicant\u2019s confession.<\/p>\n 2. The Court\u2019s assessment<\/strong><\/p>\n (a) General principles<\/p>\n 40. The right of everyone \u201ccharged with a criminal offence\u201d to be effectively defended by a lawyer, guaranteed by Article 6 \u00a7\u00a03 (c), is one of the fundamental features of a fair trial (see Salduz v. Turkey [GC], no.\u00a036391\/02, \u00a7\u00a051, ECHR 2008; Ibrahim and Others v. the United Kingdom [GC], nos. 50541\/08 and 3 others, \u00a7\u00a0255, 13 September 2016; and Beuze v.\u00a0Belgium [GC], no. 71409\/10, \u00a7\u00a0123, 9 November 2018).<\/p>\n 41. The Court reiterates that access to a lawyer during the investigation phase may be temporarily restricted where there are \u201ccompelling reasons\u201d for doing so. However, restrictions on access to legal advice are permitted only in exceptional circumstances, must be of a temporary nature and must be based on an individual assessment of the particular circumstances of the case. Where a respondent Government have convincingly demonstrated the existence of an urgent need to avert serious adverse consequences for life, liberty or physical integrity in a given case, this can amount to a compelling reason to restrict access to legal advice for the purposes of Article\u00a06 of the Convention. In such circumstances, there is a pressing duty on the authorities to protect the rights of potential or actual victims under Articles\u00a02 and 3 and Article\u00a05 \u00a7\u00a01 of the Convention in particular. When assessing whether compelling reasons have been demonstrated, it is important to ascertain whether the decision to restrict legal advice had a basis in domestic law and whether the scope and content of any restrictions on legal advice were sufficiently circumscribed by law so as to guide operational decision-making by those responsible for applying them (see Ibrahim and Others, cited above, \u00a7\u00a7\u00a0258-59, and Simeonovi v. Bulgaria [GC], no.\u00a021980\/04, \u00a7\u00a7\u00a0116-17, 12\u00a0May 2017).<\/p>\n 42. According to the Court\u2019s case-law, the absence of \u201ccompelling reasons\u201d for restricting access to a lawyer does not lead in itself to a finding of a violation of Article 6 \u00a7\u00a7\u00a01 and 3 (c) of the Convention. In the absence of \u201ccompelling reasons\u201d, the Court must apply a very strict scrutiny to its fairness assessment: the Government\u2019s failure to point to any compelling reasons weighs heavily in the balance when assessing the overall fairness of the trial and may tip the balance in favour of finding a breach of Article\u00a06 \u00a7\u00a7\u00a01 and\u00a03\u00a0(c). The onus will then be on the Government to demonstrate convincingly why, exceptionally and in the specific circumstances of the case, the overall fairness of the trial was not irretrievably prejudiced by the restriction on access to legal advice. Where, on the contrary, compelling reasons for restricting access to a lawyer have been established, a holistic assessment of the entirety of the proceedings must be conducted to determine whether they were \u201cfair\u201d for the purposes of Article\u00a06\u00a0\u00a7\u00a01 (see Ibrahim and\u00a0Others, cited above, \u00a7\u00a7\u00a0262-65, and Simeonovi, cited above, \u00a7\u00a0118).<\/p>\n 43. The Court further emphasises that where access to a lawyer was delayed, and where the suspect was not notified of the right to legal assistance, the privilege against self-incrimination or the right to remain silent, it will be even more difficult for the Government to show that the proceedings as a whole were fair (see Beuze, cited above, \u00a7\u00a0146). Indeed, it is inherent in the privilege against self-incrimination, the right to silence and the right to legal assistance that a person \u201ccharged with a criminal offence\u201d for the purposes of Article 6 has the right to be notified of these rights. Consequently, Article 6 \u00a7\u00a03 (c) of the Convention must be interpreted as also safeguarding the right of persons charged with an offence to be informed immediately of their right to legal assistance, irrespective of their age or specific situation and regardless of whether they are represented by an officially assigned lawyer or a lawyer of their own choosing. Moreover, respect for that right may well influence the validity of any waiver of the right to legal assistance (see Ibrahim and Others, cited above, \u00a7\u00a7\u00a0272-73, and Simeonovi, cited above, \u00a7\u00a0119).<\/p>\n 44. Since the fairness of criminal proceedings is assessed in each case with regard to the conduct of the proceedings as a whole, the Court has set out a list of non-exhaustive factors to be taken into account, where appropriate, in order to assess the impact of procedural failings at the pre-trial stage on the overall fairness of the criminal proceedings. Those factors are as follows (see Ibrahim and Others, cited above, \u00a7\u00a0274; Simeonovi, cited above, \u00a7\u00a0120; and Beuze, cited above, \u00a7\u00a0150):<\/p>\n (a) whether the applicant was particularly vulnerable, for example by reason of his or her age or mental capacity;<\/p>\n (b) the legal framework governing the pre-trial proceedings and the admissibility of evidence at trial, and whether it was complied with; where an exclusionary rule applied, it is particularly unlikely that the proceedings as a whole would be considered unfair;<\/p>\n (c) whether the applicant had the opportunity to challenge the authenticity of the evidence and oppose its use;<\/p>\n (d) the quality of the evidence and whether the circumstances in which it was obtained cast doubt on its reliability or accuracy, taking into account the degree and nature of any compulsion;<\/p>\n (e) where evidence was obtained unlawfully, the nature of the unlawfulness in question and, where it stems from a violation of another Convention Article, the nature of the violation found;<\/p>\n (f) in the case of a statement, the nature of the statement and whether it was promptly retracted or modified;<\/p>\n (g) the use to which the evidence was put, and in particular whether the evidence formed an integral or significant part of the probative evidence upon which the conviction was based, and the strength of the other evidence in the case;<\/p>\n (h) whether the assessment of guilt was performed by professional judges or lay jurors, and in the case of the latter the content of any jury directions;<\/p>\n (i) the weight of the public interest in the investigation and punishment of the particular offence in issue; and<\/p>\n (j) other relevant procedural safeguards afforded by domestic law and practice.<\/p>\n 45. The Court reiterates that neither the letter nor the spirit of Article\u00a06 of the Convention prevents a person from waiving of his own free will, either expressly or tacitly, the entitlement to the guarantees of a fair trial. That also applies to the right to legal assistance (see, among other authorities, Dvorski v.\u00a0Croatia [GC], no. 25703\/11, \u00a7\u00a7\u00a0100 and 101, ECHR 2015, and Sakhnovskiy v. Russia [GC], no. 21272\/03, \u00a7\u00a090, 2 November 2010). However, if it is to be effective for Convention purposes, such a waiver must be established in an unequivocal manner and be attended by minimum safeguards commensurate to its importance. Such a waiver need not be explicit, but it must be voluntary and constitute a knowing and intelligent relinquishment of a right (see Pishchalnikov v. Russia, no.\u00a07025\/04, \u00a7\u00a077, 24\u00a0September 2009, and Simeonovi, cited above, \u00a7\u00a0115). Before an accused can be said to have implicitly, through his or her conduct, waived an important right under Article 6, it must be shown that he or she could reasonably have foreseen what the consequences of such conduct would be (see Pishchalnikov, cited above, \u00a7\u00a077 in fine). Moreover, the waiver must not run counter to any important public interest (see H\u00e5kansson and Sturesson v.\u00a0Sweden, 21 February 1990, \u00a7\u00a066, Series A no. 171-A; Sejdovic v.\u00a0Italy [GC], no. 56581\/00, \u00a7\u00a086, ECHR 2006\u2011II; and Simeonovi, cited above, \u00a7\u00a0115).<\/p>\n (b) Application of the above principles to the present case<\/p>\n (i) Preliminary remarks concerning the applicant\u2019s situation at the early stage of investigation<\/p>\n 46. The Court notes at the outset that the applicant alleged throughout the proceedings that he was arrested on 14 April 2014 and held in unrecorded detention until 16 April 2014, when he was officially arrested (see paragraphs\u00a012 and 18 above). The Court considers that the police officers\u2019 statements which emerged after the completion of criminal proceedings against the applicant (see paragraph 24 above) lend credence to that account.<\/p>\n 47. While the police officers stated that the applicant left the police station on 15\u00a0April 2014 and was rearrested on the next day, none of those events was documented at the time which throws doubt on the completeness of the police officers\u2019 explanations. In contrast, the applicant\u2019s account that he was held in unrecorded detention from 14 April to 16 April (when he was officially arrested), remained unchanged throughout the proceedings, is coherent and credible in the circumstances of the case.<\/p>\n 48. The Court, therefore, finds strong indications that the applicant was de facto arrested on 14 April and deprived of his liberty until 16 April 2014, when he was officially arrested.<\/p>\n 49. From the moment of his arrest, the domestic authorities had plausible reasons for suspecting that the applicant had been involved in the theft and that he was therefore to be considered a \u201csuspect\u201d within the autonomous meaning of the Convention, requiring the application of the Article\u00a06 safeguards, notably the right of access to legal assistance (see Simeonovi, cited above, and Truten v. Ukraine, no. 18041\/08, \u00a7 66, 23 June 2016). That right also applied to the reconstruction (see T\u00fcrk v. Turkey, no.\u00a022744\/07, \u00a7\u00a047, 5 September 2017).<\/p>\n 50. The police officers stated that the applicant had been questioned at the police station and the use of the information obtained in those informal interviews had allowed the police to recover the stolen goods (see paragraph\u00a024 above).<\/p>\n 51. All these events occurred before the applicant was informed, on the following day, of his right to legal assistance (see paragraph 6 above).<\/p>\n 52. In this context the Court reiterates its established case-law to the effect that any conversation between a detained criminal suspect and the police must be treated as formal contact and cannot be characterised as an informal interview or questioning (see Ayetullah Ay v. Turkey, nos.\u00a029084\/07 and\u00a01191\/08, \u00a7\u00a0137, 27 October 2020, with further references).<\/p>\n 53. After signing the waiver, the applicant also made incriminating statements in the course of the reconstruction of the events (compare T\u00fcrk, cited above, \u00a7\u00a047).<\/p>\n (ii) Validity of the waiver<\/p>\n 54. The applicant alleged before the domestic courts that he had been ill\u2011treated, which would throw the validity of the waiver and admissibility of any confession in doubt (see Turbylev v. Russia, no. 4722\/09, \u00a7\u00a096, 6\u00a0October\u00a02015). Those allegations have not been supported by evidence, but that circumstance in itself is not sufficient to conclude that the waiver was valid (see Bozkaya v. Turkey, no. 46661\/09, \u00a7 45, 5 September 2017, and Akda\u011f v.\u00a0Turkey, no. 75460\/10, \u00a7 55, 17 September 2019).<\/p>\n 55. The applicant challenged the validity of the waiver at the domestic level on two other grounds: firstly, on the ground that no lawyer had been present when the waiver had been signed; and secondly, because he had been suffering from the mental and physical effects of drug addiction and withdrawal syndrome when he signed the waiver.<\/p>\n 56. The absence of a lawyer when the waiver was signed does not of itself render the waiver invalid for purposes of Article 6 of the Convention (see Fariz Ahmadov v. Azerbaijan, no. 40321\/07, \u00a7\u00a7\u00a050-55, 14 January 2021). The Court also observes that the Supreme Court interpreted the relevant provisions of the domestic law to mean that the presence of a lawyer was not required for a valid waiver where no lawyer had yet been appointed for the defendant (see paragraph 21 above).<\/p>\n 57. As to the applicant\u2019s drug addiction, he was suffering from it at the time of his de facto arrest on 14 April 2014 (see paragraph 24 above). The applicant signed the waiver of his right to a lawyer two days later, on 16\u00a0April 2014.<\/p>\n 58. Since there is no indication that the applicant had access to drugs or substitution therapy while he was under the control of the police, the applicant\u2019s allegation that he was already suffering from withdrawal symptoms at the time he signed the waiver can be considered credible.<\/p>\n 59. The Court has already held that confession statements made while in unrecorded detention, combined with evidence of unexplained injuries, may create an appearance that such statements were not voluntary (see, for example, Belousov v. Ukraine, no.\u00a04494\/07, \u00a7 63, 7 November 2013, and Zyakun v.\u00a0Ukraine, no. 34006\/06, 25 February 2016).<\/p>\n 60. While in the present case there is no evidence of injuries and the applicant\u2019s allegations of physical ill-treatment lack substantiation, somewhat similar considerations nevertheless apply in that the circumstances of the applicant\u2019s unrecorded detention, combined with credible allegations that he was suffering from withdrawal symptoms at the time he waived his right to a lawyer, render the voluntary nature of the waiver signed by the applicant open to doubt.<\/p>\n 61. In such circumstances, it was in the first place for the domestic courts to establish in a convincing manner whether or not the waiver of legal assistance had been voluntary and valid, in spite of those problems (see Ogorodnik v.\u00a0Ukraine, no. 29644\/10, \u00a7 108, 5 February 2015, and T\u00fcrk, cited above, \u00a7\u00a053).<\/p>\n 62. The courts did not dispute that the applicant\u2019s diagnosis of addiction-related psychological and behavioural disorders could in principle be a barrier to a valid waiver of his right to a lawyer under domestic law (see paragraphs\u00a019 and 27 above). The domestic case-law explicitly recognised the applicant\u2019s diagnosis as potentially bringing him into the category of individuals who could not, by law, validly waive that right, on account of his mental disorder (see paragraphs 10 and 30 above).<\/p>\n 63. However, they found that the authorities only became aware of the applicant\u2019s addiction in May 2014, after all the investigation activities with his participation had been completed. In making that assessment, the courts did not comment on the information (contained in the discontinuation decision on which the courts themselves relied \u2013 see paragraphs\u00a015, 17 and 22 above) to the effect that, starting not later than from 17 April 2014, that is the day after the applicant signed the waiver and confessed, ambulances were repeatedly called to the detention centre in connection with his withdrawal symptoms. Nor did the courts explain how the applicant could have been registered, without the authorities\u2019 knowledge, with the addiction treatment centre on 18\u00a0April 2014, that is, while he was being held in detention (see paragraph\u00a010 above).<\/p>\n 64. The flawed nature of the domestic courts\u2019 assessment was confirmed when it came to light that the police had known about the applicant\u2019s addiction from the very outset of the investigation, in the period from 14 to 16\u00a0April 2014 when, according to strong indications in police officers\u2019 own statements, as noted in paragraphs 24, 46 and 47 above, the applicant was already under their control. The fact that this information had only come to light after the completion of the criminal proceedings against the applicant is attributable to the authorities and to the delay caused by the repeated adoption of premature discontinuation decisions (see paragraphs 23 to 25 above).<\/p>\n 65. Thus, although the domestic law in principle established a safeguard for such situations, on account of the police officers\u2019 conduct that safeguard proved ineffective. This can be compared to the practice under the 1960 Code of Criminal Procedure, identified by the Court as problematic in such judgments as Balitskiy v. Ukraine (no.\u00a012793\/03, \u00a7\u00a7 50-54, 3\u00a0November 2011, with further references), of initially classifying a crime as a less serious one which did not require mandatory legal representation and, in this way, effectively denying the defendants appropriate legal assistance.<\/p>\n 66. In Balitskiy the defendant, after having signed a waiver, was questioned without a lawyer about a murder. The charges were subsequently upgraded to murder for profit, an offence punishable by life imprisonment in respect of which waiver of the right to lawyer was excluded by domestic law. That was despite the fact that the police had indications from the outset that the crime had been motivated by profit. The Court found that this was an example of a practice, identified in previous cases, of erroneously classifying the offence with the ulterior purpose of effectively denying defendants legal assistance (cited above, \u00a7\u00a7 40 and 52).<\/p>\n 67. Likewise, in the applicant\u2019s case domestic case law excluded acceptance of waivers from patients with the diagnosis the applicant was later found to have. However, the police had already known that the applicant was suffering from drug addiction from 14 April 2014, when he was, according to strong indications in the police officers\u2019 own statements, under their control. This may have indicated that the applicant had an illness which led, under domestic case law, to the impossibility of accepting his waiver. The police, nevertheless, withheld that information from the relevant authorities.<\/p>\n 68. It is also relevant that, before signing the waiver of the right to a lawyer, the applicant was not informed of his right to remain silent. While the right to silence and the right to legal assistance are distinct and a waiver of one does not entail a waiver of the other, the rights are nevertheless complementary, since persons in police custody must a fortiori be granted the assistance of a lawyer when they have not previously been informed of their right to remain silent (see Navone and Others v. Monaco, nos.\u00a062880\/11 and\u00a02\u00a0others, \u00a7 74, 24 October 2013). Therefore, while the applicant did not raise a separate complaint in respect of his right to silence, the absence of notification of that right is a relevant factor further undermining the validity of his waiver of the right to legal assistance.<\/p>\n 69. In summary, the applicant signed the waiver when, according to the indications in the police officers\u2019 statements, he was in unrecorded detention and, when, according to his credible account, he was suffering from drug withdrawal symptoms. This made the voluntary nature of the waiver signed by the applicant open to doubt. In particular in such circumstances, it was up to the domestic courts to scrutinise the validity of the waiver, which they failed to do adequately.<\/p>\n 70. Taking into account all these elements, the Court considers that the Government have failed to demonstrate that the applicant validly waived his right to a lawyer (compare Akda\u011f, cited above, \u00a7 61, and Lalik v.\u00a0Poland, no.\u00a047834\/19, \u00a7 62, 11 May 2023).<\/p>\n (iii) Whether compelling reasons existed for restricting access to a lawyer<\/p>\n 71. Given that there was no effective waiver of the right to a lawyer, the question arises whether the absence of a lawyer was justified by a compelling reason. The Court perceives no such reason. Accordingly, the Court must apply a very strict scrutiny in assessing whether the absence of a lawyer undermined the fairness of the proceedings, with the burden being on the Government to demonstrate convincingly that this was not the case (see Beuze, cited above, \u00a7 145).<\/p>\n (iv) Overall fairness of the proceedings<\/p>\n 72. The Court will now examine, in the light of the factors set out in Ibrahim and Others (cited above, \u00a7 274) and Beuze (cited above, \u00a7\u00a0150), whether the restriction of access to legal assistance affected the overall fairness of the criminal proceedings.<\/p>\n 73. Turning to those criteria, the Court will first list those factors which tend to argue in favour of considering the proceedings fair: (i)\u00a0the evidence was assessed by professional judges; (ii)\u00a0there is no indication that any domestic provisions were breached in the collection of the relevant evidence; (iii)\u00a0there were no factors that would cast doubt on the reliability or accuracy of the applicants\u2019 statements; and (iv)\u00a0there was considerable public interest in the prosecution of the offence imputed to the applicant.<\/p>\n 74. However, other factors tend to militate in favour of a finding that the fairness of the proceedings was irretrievably prejudiced.<\/p>\n 75. The applicant was to a certain extent vulnerable on account of the state of his health (compare, in respect of alcoholics, P\u0142onka v.\u00a0Poland, no.\u00a020310\/02, \u00a7 38, 31 March 2009, and Lalik, cited above, \u00a7 67; in respect of drug addicts in the context of matters related to the care of children, Y.I. v.\u00a0Russia, no. 68868\/14, \u00a7 87, 25 February 2020, and V.Y.R. and A.V.R. v.\u00a0Bulgaria, no. 48321\/20, \u00a7 91, 13 December 2022; in respect of mentally ill detainees, Rooman v. Belgium [GC], no. 18052\/11, \u00a7 145, 31\u00a0January 2019; and contrast, for example, Has\u00e1likov\u00e1 v. Slovakia, no. 39654\/15, \u00a7\u00a7\u00a066-78, 24\u00a0June 2021).<\/p>\n 76. The impugned statements were directly incriminating. Made at the beginning of the investigation, they framed the way the authorities approached the investigation and therefore formed a very significant part of the evidence against the applicant.<\/p>\n 77. While statements made by the applicant on 15 April 2014 before being informed of his right to legal assistance were never introduced into evidence against him as such, they allowed the authorities to obtain further evidence against him by locating and recovering the stolen goods. Having made those statements, the applicant might have found it prejudicial to change them after he was informed of the right to legal assistance and when the reconstruction was conducted (compare Sitnevskiy and Chaykovskiy v.\u00a0Ukraine, nos.\u00a048016\/06 and 7817\/07, \u00a7 83, 10 November 2016).<\/p>\n 78. The statements subsequently made by the applicant in the course of the reconstruction had a central role in the proceedings. No other evidence directly showed that he had committed the crime of theft aggravated by burglary.<\/p>\n 79. Almost all of the other evidence against the applicant was derived from statements he made in the course of the reconstruction: the evidence of most of the witnesses consisted in simply confirming that he had indeed confessed. The only exception was the evidence of K., the person who purchased the stolen goods from the applicant. However, the material in the case file indicates that the police were able to identify him through statements made by the applicant before the right to a lawyer had been explained to him (see paragraph\u00a024 above). It is not the Court\u2019s task in the present case to decide whether using evidence obtained owing to those statements was in breach of requirements of Article 6 of the Convention. The relevant point in the present analysis is nevertheless that the failure of the domestic courts to question the validity of the waiver made by the applicant had very serious consequences for the overall fairness of the trial.<\/p>\n 80. Although, as noted above, the applicant did have an opportunity to challenge the authenticity of the evidence and oppose its use, the domestic courts\u2019 assessment of the issue of his mental state during the reconstruction was superficial. The domestic courts did not sufficiently address the applicant\u2019s complaints concerning the breach of his right to a lawyer. While an exclusionary rule existed in domestic law (see paragraph 29 above), it was not applied.<\/p>\n 81. For this reason, applying strict scrutiny, the Court is not convinced that the criminal proceedings, when considered as a whole, remedied the procedural defects which occurred on the first days of the investigation. It concludes that the Government have failed to demonstrate convincingly why, exceptionally and in the specific circumstances of the case, the overall fairness of the trial was not irretrievably prejudiced by the restriction on the applicant\u2019s access to legal advice (compare Beuze, cited above, \u00a7\u00a0193).<\/p>\n 82. There has accordingly been a violation of Article 6 \u00a7\u00a7 1 and 3 (c) of the Convention.<\/p>\n IV. APPLICATION OF ARTICLE\u00a041 OF THE CONVENTION<\/strong><\/p>\n 83. Article\u00a041 of the Convention provides:<\/p>\n \u201cIf the Court finds that there has been a violation of the Convention or the Protocols thereto, and if the internal law of the High Contracting Party concerned allows only partial reparation to be made, the Court shall, if necessary, afford just satisfaction to the injured party.\u201d<\/p>\n 84. The applicant claimed 25,000 euros (EUR) in respect of non\u2011pecuniary damage and EUR 4,200 in respect of costs and expenses, the latter to be transferred directly to his representative\u2019s bank account.<\/p>\n 85. The Government contested that claim.<\/p>\n 86. The Court, making its assessment on an equitable basis, awards the applicant EUR 3,600 in respect of non-pecuniary damage.<\/p>\n 87. According to the Court\u2019s case-law, an applicant is entitled to the reimbursement of costs and expenses only in so far as it has been shown that these have been actually and necessarily incurred and are reasonable as to quantum. A representative\u2019s fees are actually incurred if the applicant has paid them or is liable to pay them (see\u00a0Luedicke, Belkacem and Ko\u00e7 v.\u00a0Germany\u00a0(Article 50), 10 March 1980, \u00a7 15, Series A no.\u00a036, and Airey v.\u00a0Ireland\u00a0(Article 50), 6 February 1981, \u00a7\u00a013, Series\u00a0A no. 41). In the present case, the applicant did not provide any contract with his representative or other evidence that he had paid or was under an obligation to pay the fees charged by his representative. Accordingly, the Court makes no award under this head.<\/p>\n FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT, unanimously,<\/strong><\/p>\n 1. Declares the application admissible;<\/p>\n 2. Holds that there has been a violation of Article 6 \u00a7\u00a7 1 and 3 (c) of the Convention;<\/p>\n 3. Holds<\/p>\n (a) that the respondent State is to pay the applicant, within three months from the date on which the judgment becomes final in accordance with Article\u00a044\u00a0\u00a7\u00a02 of the Convention within three months from the date on which the judgment becomes final in accordance with Article\u00a044\u00a0\u00a7\u00a02 of the Convention, EUR 3,600 (three thousand six hundred euros), plus any tax that may be chargeable, in respect of non-pecuniary damage, to be converted into the currency of the respondent State at the rate applicable at the date of settlement;<\/p>\n (b) that from the expiry of the above-mentioned three months until settlement simple interest shall be payable on the above amount at a rate equal to the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank during the default period plus three percentage points;<\/p>\n 4. Dismisses the remainder of the applicant\u2019s claim for just satisfaction.<\/p>\n Done in English, and notified in writing on 8 February 2024, pursuant to Rule\u00a077\u00a0\u00a7\u00a7\u00a02 and 3 of the Rules of Court.<\/p>\n Victor Soloveytchik \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Georges Ravarani
\nFIFTH SECTION
\nCASE OF BOGDAN v. UKRAINE<\/strong>
\n(Application no. 3016\/16)
\nJUDGMENT<\/p>\n
\nPrepared by the Registry. Does not bind the Court.<\/p>\n
\n8 February 2024<\/p>\n
\nGeorges Ravarani, President,
\nLado Chanturia,
\nCarlo Ranzoni,
\nSt\u00e9phanie Mourou-Vikstr\u00f6m,
\nMar\u00eda El\u00f3segui,
\nKate\u0159ina \u0160im\u00e1\u010dkov\u00e1,
\nMykola Gnatovskyy, judges,
\nand Victor Soloveytchik, Section Registrar,<\/p>\n
\nthe application (no.\u00a03016\/16) against Ukraine lodged with the Court under Article\u00a034 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by a Ukrainian national, Mr\u00a0Valeriy Pavlovych Bogdan (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 31 December 2015;
\nthe decision to give notice to the Ukrainian Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) of the complaint under Article 6 \u00a7\u00a7 1 and 3 (c) of the Convention;
\nthe parties\u2019 observations;<\/p>\n
\nRegistrar \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 President<\/p>\n