FIRST SECTION
\nCASE OF S\u0141OMKA v. POLAND
\n(Application no. 68924\/12)<\/p>\n
JUDGMENT
\nSTRASBOURG
\n6 December 2018<\/p>\n
FINAL
\n06\/03\/2019<\/p>\n
This judgment has become final under Article 44 \u00a7 2 of the Convention. It may be subject to editorial revision.<\/p>\n
In the case of S\u0142omka v. Poland,<\/p>\n
The European Court of Human Rights (First Section), sitting as a Chamber composed of:<\/p>\n
Linos-Alexandre Sicilianos, President,
\nKsenija Turkovi\u0107,
\nAle\u0161 Pejchal,
\nKrzysztof Wojtyczek,
\nPauliine Koskelo,
\nTim Eicke,
\nJovan Ilievski, judges,
\nand Abel Campos, Section Registrar,<\/p>\n
Having deliberated in private on 13 November 2018,<\/p>\n
Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date:<\/p>\n
PROCEDURE<\/strong><\/p>\n 1.\u00a0\u00a0The case originated in an application (no. 68924\/12) against theRepublic of Poland lodged with the Court under Article 34 of theConvention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by aPolish national, Mr Adam S\u0142omka (\u201ctheapplicant\u201d), on 20 September 2012.<\/p>\n 2.\u00a0\u00a0The applicant was represented by Mr Z. Cicho\u0144, a lawyer practising in Cracow. The Polish Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by their Agent, Ms J. Chrzanowska, and subsequently by Mr J. Sobczak, of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.<\/p>\n 3.\u00a0\u00a0The applicant alleged, in particular, that the proceedings leading to the imposition of a custodial penalty on him had been unfair; that the penalty had been entirely executed before his interlocutory appeal against it had been examined by the appellate court; and that the punishment he had received for expressing his views in a political debate had been too severe.<\/p>\n 4.\u00a0\u00a0On 24 August 2015the application was communicated to the Government.<\/p>\n THE FACTS<\/strong><\/p>\n I.\u00a0\u00a0THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE<\/p>\n 5.\u00a0\u00a0The applicant was born in 1964 and lives in Katowice.<\/p>\n A.\u00a0\u00a0Background<\/strong><\/p>\n 6.\u00a0\u00a0The applicant is a former activist of an anti-communist opposition group, who was interned in 1982.<\/p>\n 7.\u00a0\u00a0He observed the trial against three high-ranking members of the communist-era Military Council of National Salvation who had ordered the imposition of martial law in Poland in December 1981.<\/p>\n 8.\u00a0\u00a0The trial in question, which lasted from 2007 until 2015, attracted a lot of public attention in Poland.<\/p>\n 9.\u00a0\u00a0On 12 January 2012 the main defendant, General C.K. was convicted and sentenced to four years\u2019 imprisonment. This penalty was reduced by half under the Amnesty Act and its execution was suspended for five years in view of the defendant\u2019s old age and poor health. Another defendant was acquitted and another had her case discontinued. On 15\u00a0June 2015 the appellate court upheld the first-instance judgment.<\/p>\n B.\u00a0\u00a0Events leading to the applicant\u2019s punishment for contempt of court and the related proceedings<\/strong><\/p>\n 10.\u00a0\u00a0The applicant was in the courtroom when on 12 January 2012 the Warsaw Regional Court (S\u0105d Okr\u0119gowy) was to deliver its judgment in the case described above.<\/p>\n 11.\u00a0\u00a0At 1.30 p.m., after the judges had arrived in the courtroom, the applicant jumped behind the judge\u2019s table and shouted: \u201cThis is a mockery of justice!\u201d (Tutaj trwa kpina z wymiaru sprawiedliwo\u015bci).<\/p>\n 12.\u00a0\u00a0The judges left the courtroom.<\/p>\n 13.\u00a0\u00a0Some other members of the audience shouted \u201cDisgrace!\u201d and \u201cCourt before the court!\u201d (Ha\u0144ba and S\u0105d pod s\u0105d). They were all holding up photos of victims of the communist regime.<\/p>\n 14.\u00a0\u00a0The applicant was forcibly removed from the courtroom.<\/p>\n 15.\u00a0\u00a0Shortly afterwards, he returned and continued shouting out similar statements joint by other members of the audience. In view of the audience\u2019s refusal to leave the courtroom, the judge who was presiding over the trial decided to announce the judgment from a different room.<\/p>\n 16.\u00a0\u00a0At 3 p.m. the trial was resumed in a new room,with the public comprising only journalists. Here, in the applicant\u2019s absence, the Warsaw Regional Court imposed on him a disciplinary custodial penalty offourteen days for contempt of court (\u201cfor the breach of the solemn nature, serenity and the course of court proceedings, to the degree making the announcement of the judgment impossible\u201d).<\/p>\n 17.\u00a0\u00a0On 12 January 2012 a written decision, in the form of an extract from the court minutes as described in the preceding paragraph, was issued to that effect.<\/p>\n 18.\u00a0\u00a0The applicant submitted that he had not been served with that decision or informed of it.<\/p>\n 19.\u00a0\u00a0On the day of the trial in question, that is 12 January 2012, a warrant was issued ordering the applicant\u2019s placement in a penal facilitywith a view to his serving the penalty. On 13 January 2012 a warrant tothis effect was sent to Katowice police station together with a copy of the court\u2019s decision imposing the disciplinary punishment.<\/p>\n 20.\u00a0\u00a0On 19 January 2012 the applicant was served with a warrant and then arrested sothat he could be committed to Warsaw Remand Centre to serve the penalty in a closed regime.<\/p>\n 21.\u00a0\u00a0On 22 January 2012 the applicant lodged an interlocutory appeal against the decision imposing the custodial penalty.He argued that his one-minute statement had not disturbed the court to such an extent as to make it impossible to announce the judgment. He also submitted that if the presiding judge had told him to return to his seat, he would have complied. Since only a copy of the first page of the applicant\u2019s appeal has been submitted to the Court, it is unclear whether the applicant had also raised the argument of the lack of impartiality of the judges who hadpunished him for contempt of court.<\/p>\n 22.\u00a0\u00a0On 30 January 2012 this appeal was registered with the Registry of the Warsaw Court of Appeal (S\u0105d Apelacyjny).<\/p>\n 23.\u00a0\u00a0On 31 January 2012 the applicant\u2019s appeal was transferred to the Warsaw Regional Court for comment.<\/p>\n 24.\u00a0\u00a0On 1 February 2012 the appeal together with the Regional Court\u2019s comments was received by the Warsaw Court of Appeal. The appellate hearing was scheduled for 23\u00a0February\u00a02012.<\/p>\n 25.\u00a0\u00a0On 2 February 2012 \u2013 the fourteenth day of the applicant\u2019s detention \u2013 the PrisonBoard of the Warsaw Remand Centre decided that the applicant should be detained under a semi-open regime (with the possibility to leave his cell during the day).<\/p>\n 26.\u00a0\u00a0Following that decision, the applicant was transferred for several hours to a remand centre with a semi-open regime.<\/p>\n 27.\u00a0\u00a0He was released later that day.<\/p>\n 28.\u00a0\u00a0On an unspecified date, the appellate hearing was rescheduled because of the judge\u2019s illness for 22 March 2012.<\/p>\n 29.\u00a0\u00a0On 22 March 2012 the Warsaw Court of Appeal dismissed the applicant\u2019s interlocutory appeal, finding that the applicant\u2019s disrespectful behaviour had interfered with the solemn nature of court proceedings and with the court\u2019s dignity, and had disrupted the proceedings. His action had provoked the audience to shout similar slogans. It had been premeditated as the applicant had known that the announcement of the judgment hadbeen scheduled for live media broadcast. The court also considered that the applicant\u2019s behaviour could not be explained by an emotional disagreement with the court\u2019s ruling because at the time of the incident the applicant had been unaware of the outcome of the trial. The applicant had wished to disturb the order of the proceedings irrespective of their result. In the domestic court\u2019s view, imposing a more lenient penalty would have sanctioned unaccountability and would have lacked a deterrent effect.<\/p>\n II.\u00a0\u00a0RELEVANT DOMESTIC LAW AND PRACTICE<\/p>\n 30.\u00a0\u00a0Contempt of court is regulated by the Organisation of Courts Act (Prawo o ustroju s\u0105d\u00f3w powszechnych) (as amended) of 27\u00a0July 2001.<\/p>\n 31.\u00a0\u00a0Under section 48(1) of thisAct, as applicable at the material time and today, the president of the trial Chamber hasthe authority to reprimand any person who is interfering with the solemn nature, serenity or the course of court proceedings. Only if such an admonishment turns out to be unsuccessful, is the president free to decide to have such a person removed from the courtroom. Paragraph 3 of the same section provides that the court hasthe authority to remove members of the public from the courtroom for poor comportment.<\/p>\n 32.\u00a0\u00a0Section 49(1) of the Actsets out sanctions for breaches of the solemn nature, serenity or the course of court proceedings. At the material time, the court thus had the power to impose a fine of up to 10,000\u00a0Polish zlotys (PLN \u2013 approximately 2,500 euros (EUR)) or a custodial penalty of up to fourteen days.<\/p>\n 33.\u00a0\u00a0On 1 October 2008 the Cracow Court of Appeal (decision in case no.\u00a0II AKz 485\/08) held that punishment for conduct which interfered with the solemn nature of the court within the meaning of the above-mentioned section 49 was correct in the event of conduct which had insulted the court. If the conduct in question did not reach that threshold, the correct response was to first reprimand the person and to impose the penalty only after the alternative responses had been exhausted to no avail. Making reference to Article 31 of the Polish Constitution, the court observed that the punishment, as the reaction of a judge to the behaviour of a person subjected to judicial assessment, should be moderately used and considered necessary in the democratic society for its security and public order, freedom and right of others or for the protection of other public interests. In the circumstances of that particular case, in which a fine was imposed on the applicant, who had been subject to a court decision to enforce his previously conditionally stayed sentence, the court considered that his ironic statement made in a loud voice: \u201cThat\u2019s the kind of law we have\u201d (takie mamy prawo),constitutedan unacceptable comment about the Polish legal order. The appellate court concluded that the correctresponse of the court in that case would have been to admonish the applicant and to call him to order.<\/p>\n 34.\u00a0\u00a0Pursuant to section 50(1)of the Act a decision on a penalty for contempt of court is immediately enforceable. An interlocutory appeal against such a decision canbe lodged with a superior court. Appellate proceedings are governed by the procedural provisions applicable to the proceedings in the course of which the penalty for contempt of court has been imposed (that is to say in criminal proceedings, Article 459 et al. of the Code of Criminal Procedure (Kodeks Post\u0119powania Karnego)).If an interlocutory appeal hasbeen lodged, the court which issued the decision that is the subject of the appealis free to stay the enforcement of the penalty for contempt of court.<\/p>\n 35.\u00a0\u00a0The enforcement of decisions issued in the course of criminal proceedings is regulated by Article 9 of the Code of Execution of Criminal Sentences (Kodeks Karny Wykonawczy). Under paragraph 4 of this provision, lodging of an interlocutory appeal in the course of enforcement proceedings does not have an automatic effect of stopping the execution of the decision which is subject of the appeal. In particularly justified circumstances, the court can order, including of its own motion, a stay ofexecution of the penalty until the moment when the decision imposing it becomes final.<\/p>\n 36.\u00a0\u00a0The imposition of a penalty for contempt of court does not absolve the person of criminal responsibility for the same action (section 50(2) of the Act) if the action in question also falls within the scope of a criminal offence. In practice, the court (itself, or the court\u2019s president or the president of the court section) is, at the material time, free and, in fact, should, notify a prosecutor or the police of such an instance of contempt of court (seeKomentarz do ustawy \u2013 Prawo o ustroju s\u0105d\u00f3wpowszechnych(\u201cLegal commentarieson the Legal Structure of Courts Act\u201d)by J. Gudowski, 2009and by J. Kremer, 2013 with further references).<\/p>\n THE LAW<\/strong><\/p>\n I.\u00a0\u00a0ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 6 OF THE CONVENTION<\/p>\n 37.\u00a0\u00a0The applicant complained under Article 6 of the Convention of the unfairness of the proceedings leading to the imposition of the custodial penalty on him. In particular, the applicant complained of a lack of impartiality on the part of judges in that the judges who had witnessed the impugned incident had later imposed the penalty for contempt of court. He also alleged inequality of arms and a lack of objectivity on the part of the court in that he had had no time and facilities to prepare his defence, he had not been allowed to present arguments by the court or even, to be present when the penalty had been ordered. The applicant also complained that the decision on the imposition of the penalty for contempt of court had not been reasoned.<\/p>\n Article 6, in so far as relevant, reads as follows:<\/p>\n \u201c1.\u00a0\u00a0In the determination of any criminal charge against him, everyone is entitled to a fair … hearing … by an independent and impartial tribunal …<\/p>\n …<\/p>\n 3.\u00a0\u00a0Everyone charged with a criminal offence has the following minimum rights:<\/p>\n (a)\u00a0\u00a0to be informed promptly, in a language which he understands and in detail, of the nature and cause of the accusation against him;<\/p>\n (b)\u00a0\u00a0to have adequate time and facilities for the preparation of his defence;<\/p>\n (c)\u00a0\u00a0to defend himself in person or through legal assistance of his own choosing …\u201d<\/p>\n A.\u00a0\u00a0Admissibility<\/strong><\/p>\n 38.\u00a0\u00a0The Court notes that this complaint is not manifestly ill\u2011founded within the meaning of Article 35 \u00a7 3 (a) of the Convention. It further notes that it is not inadmissible on any other grounds. It must therefore be declared admissible.<\/p>\n B.\u00a0\u00a0Merits<\/strong><\/p>\n 39.\u00a0\u00a0The applicant reiterated that the tribunal which had punished him for contempt of court had not been impartial in that it had combined three functions, namely that of the victim of the applicant\u2019s conduct, his accuser and his judge.<\/p>\n 40.\u00a0\u00a0The Government firstly, argued that the principle of equality of arms should not extend to the present case because the punishment for contempt of court was, essentially by its nature, imposed by the court proprio motu, without there being any parties to the proceedings. The applicant\u2019s own disruptive behaviour forced the court to deliver the impugned decision in another courtroom and in his absence. The Government further submitted that on 19 January 2012 the applicant had been served with the impugned first-instance decision which indicated the penalty imposed on the applicant and the court\u2019s reasons, and that he had subsequently obtained from the appellate court a fresh examination of the merits of the charge. The Government referred to the Rule 80 (B) of the Rules of Procedure and Evidence common for the International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and for Rwanda and to Rule 170 of the Rules of Procedure and Evidence of the International Criminal Court, which authorise the court to order the removal of a person for his or her disruptive conduct and to continue the proceedings in the person\u2019s absence.<\/p>\n 41.\u00a0\u00a0Secondly, the Government submitted that the court which had punished the applicant for contempt of court had been impartial under both the objective and subjective tests established in the Grand Chamber judgment in the case of Kyprianou v. Cyprus(no. 73797\/01, ECHR\u00a02005-XIII). To that end, they maintained that the court had been composed of three professional judges who had not been put under any outside pressure; had not shown prejudice against the applicant; or had they had any particular interest in punishing him. The Government also stressed that, unlike in the case of Mariusz Lewandowski v.\u00a0Poland (no. 66484\/09, 3\u00a0July 2012), the judges had not been called to assess the applicant\u2019s statements in so far as they might have insulted them personally but only in so far as they concerned the court as an institution. In any event, the main element examined by the court was that the applicant\u2019s conduct had actually disrupted the proceedings.<\/p>\n 1.\u00a0\u00a0General principles<\/em><\/p>\n 42.\u00a0\u00a0The general principles for assessing compliance with the obligation to ensure a hearing by an impartial tribunal are laid out in the Grand Chamber judgment in the case of Kyprianou (cited above, \u00a7\u00a7 118\u201121) and in the judgment in the case of Mariusz Lewandowski (cited above, \u00a7\u00a7\u00a041\u201144).<\/p>\n 43.\u00a0\u00a0Moreover, the Court has observed that proceedings held in an accused\u2019s absence are not in principle incompatible with the Convention if the person concerned can subsequently obtain from a court which has heard him a fresh determination of the merits of the charge, in respect of both law and fact (see, Poitrimol v.\u00a0France, 23 November 1993, \u00a7 31, Series\u00a0A no.\u00a0277\u2011A).<\/p>\n 2.\u00a0\u00a0Application of these principles to the circumstances of the present case<\/em><\/p>\n 44.\u00a0\u00a0Turning to the circumstances of the present case, the Court observes that the decision imposing a custodial penalty on the applicant had been provoked by his protest, which can be viewed \u2013 in the light of its form and content \u2013 as a general challenge to the authority of the judiciary, and \u2013 in the light of its context \u2013 as criticism of various elements of the organisation and the course of a criminal trial.Specifically, the applicant received punishment for briskly moving to the area of the courtroom behind the judges\u2019 bench, shouting \u201cThis is a mockery of justice!\u201d (see paragraph\u00a011 above). He did not use any insulting or derogatory language.<\/p>\n 45.\u00a0\u00a0In view of the above elements, the Court finds that the judges conducting the impugned trial could be considered the object of the applicant\u2019s action, albeit not directly or personally, but rather as an institution and in so far as it had been implied that their procedural decisions undermined the popular sense of justice (compare Mariusz Lewandowski, cited above, \u00a7\u00a7 8 and 45, and Kyprianou, cited above, \u00a7\u00a7\u00a017 and 127).<\/p>\n 46.\u00a0\u00a0The bench in question consisted of three judges (in contrast to the single-judge formation in the case of Mariusz Lewandowski, cited above, \u00a7\u00a010, but comparable to the multiple-judge formation in the case of Kyprianou, cited above,\u00a7 18). Irrespective of that, the fact remains that no separate proceedings before a differently constituted formation were held to determine the applicant\u2019s responsibility for his protest (see, mutatis mutandis, Mariusz Lewandowski, cited above,\u00a7\u00a046, and Kyprianou, cited above, \u00a7\u00a0127).<\/p>\n 47.\u00a0\u00a0This is aggravated by the two following factors. Firstly, it is a fact that, ruling in his absence, the judges did not give the applicant any opportunity whatsoever to react to the possibility of such a finding or to put forward his own explanations and representations in this connection (see, mutatis mutandis, Mariusz Lewandowski, cited above, \u00a7\u00a7 10 and\u00a046, contrast Kyprianou, cited above, \u00a7 17). Secondly, it is the summary nature of the impugned first-instance decision which only read that the disciplinary custodial penalty of fourteen days was being imposed \u201cfor the breach of solemn nature, serenity and the course of court proceedings to the degree making the announcement of the judgment impossible\u201d (see paragraph\u00a017 above).<\/p>\n 48.\u00a0\u00a0It is also relevant in the assessment of the case to note that the penalty imposed on the applicant was the most severe sanction possible under the applicable law (see, mutatis mutandis, Mariusz Lewandowski, cited above, \u00a7\u00a048).<\/p>\n 49.\u00a0\u00a0Lastly, the Court observes that the fact that on appeal, the applicant submitted arguments in his defence, including his justification for the conduct he had employed, and that the appellate court reasoned its decision, did not, in the circumstances of the case, cure the above-mentioned procedural shortcomings (see, mutatis mutandis, Mariusz Lewandowski, cited above, \u00a7\u00a049, and Kyprianou, cited above, \u00a7\u00a0134). As it happened, the appeal did not have any practical impact on the applicant\u2019s situation because, by the time it was examined, the applicant had already fully served his fourteen\u2011day custodial penalty.<\/p>\n 50.\u00a0\u00a0It follows that, in view of all the above-mentioned features of the impugned proceedings, the Court considers that the cumulation of roles in the instant case (in which a custodial punishment was applied), between complainant and judge could prompt objectively justified fears as to the impartiality of the bench (see, mutatis mutandis, Mariusz Lewandowski, cited above, \u00a7 48, and Kyprianou, cited above, \u00a7 127).<\/p>\n 51.\u00a0\u00a0In conclusion, the Court finds that there has been a breach of the principle of impartialityon the basis of the objective test. Accordingly, there has been a violation of Article\u00a06 \u00a7\u00a01 of the Convention.<\/p>\n 52.\u00a0\u00a0In view of the above finding, the Court considers that it is not necessary to examine the issue of the equality of arms as raised by the applicant as a part of his complaint under Article 6 of the Convention.<\/p>\n II.\u00a0\u00a0ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 10 OF THE CONVENTION<\/p>\n 53.\u00a0\u00a0The applicant also complained of the disproportionate severity of the punishment he had received for expressing his views in an atmosphere of heightened tension as a person who had suffered communist repressions and had had a right to freely participate in political debate in democratic society.<\/p>\n He relied on Article 10 of the Convention, which, in so far as relevant, provides the following:<\/p>\n \u201c1.\u00a0\u00a0Everyone has the right to freedom of expression. This right shall include freedom to … impart information and ideas without interference by public authority …<\/p>\n 2.\u00a0\u00a0The exercise of these freedoms, since it carries with it duties and responsibilities, may be subject to such formalities, conditions, restrictions or penalties as are prescribed by law and are necessary in a democratic society, in the interests of national security, territorial integrity or public safety, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, for the protection of the reputation or rights of others, for preventing the disclosure of information received in confidence, or for maintaining the authority and impartiality of the judiciary.\u201d<\/p>\n 54.\u00a0\u00a0In the reference case of Kyprianou, the Grand Chamber observed that whereas the main issue under Article 6 was, just like in the present case, the impartiality of the court which determined the criminal charge against the applicant, the complaint under Article 10 concerned the impact of the applicant\u2019s conviction and sentence on his right to freedom of expression. It was therefore a complaint of a different nature from that under Article 6 and a separate examination of the applicant\u2019s complaint under Article 10 was called for (see, Kyprianou, cited above 150).<\/p>\n A.\u00a0\u00a0Admissibility<\/strong><\/p>\n 55.\u00a0\u00a0The Government argued that Article 10 of the Convention was inapplicable in the present case because the applicant had not been punished by the domestic court for his ideas or the information which he had been imparting but for his behaviour. The content of the applicant\u2019s statements had been, in the Government\u2019s view, irrelevant for the assessment of whether he had deserved disciplinary punishment. He had in fact received disciplinary punishment for breaching the dignity of the court and for hampering its work.<\/p>\n 56.\u00a0\u00a0The applicant submitted that Article 10 was applicable.<\/p>\n 57.\u00a0\u00a0The Court observes that the applicant disrupted the announcement of the judgment in a politically sensitive trial by entering the area of the courtroom behind the judges\u2019 bench and by shouting a slogan in protest against how the court had been handling the case.<\/p>\n 58.\u00a0\u00a0In its extensive case-law on freedom of expression, the Court has on many occasions held that protests, such as these taking the form of physically impeding certain activities, can constitute expressions of opinion within the meaning of Article 10 and that the arrest and detention of protesters can constitute interference with the right to freedom of expression (see Steel and Others v. the United Kingdom, 23 September 1998, \u00a7\u00a092, Reports of Judgments and Decisions 1998 VII;A\u00e7\u0131k and Others v. Turkey, no.\u00a031451\/03, \u00a7 40, 13 January 2009; and Kar\u00e1csony and Others v.\u00a0Hungary [GC], nos. 42461\/13 and 44357\/13, \u00a7 120, 17 May 2016). Accordingly, the facts of the present case fall within the scope of Article 10.<\/p>\n 59.\u00a0\u00a0The Courtalso notes that this part of the application is not manifestly ill\u2011founded within the meaning of Article 35 \u00a7 3 of the Convention. It is not inadmissible on any other grounds. It must therefore be declared admissible.<\/p>\n B.\u00a0\u00a0Merits<\/strong><\/p>\n 1.\u00a0\u00a0The parties\u2019 submissions<\/em><\/p>\n 60.\u00a0\u00a0The applicantsubmittedthat the punishment which he had received for expressing his views hadbeen too harsh. His statements had been made in an atmosphere of heightened tension, during a highly sensitive political trial of the leaders of the former regime. The applicant, who had been the youngest person who had been arrested under martial law and who had suffered extensivelyunder communist repression, had been greatly moved by the trial and had felt a strong feeling of injustice in that the trial had lasted many years, that it had been carried out in the absence of the main accused and that the prosecutor had sought, what in the applicant\u2019s opinion had been, a lenient sentence for one of the accused.<\/p>\n 61.\u00a0\u00a0The Government argued that there had been no violation of Article\u00a010 of the Convention on the grounds that the restriction of the applicant\u2019s freedom of expression had been necessary in a democratic society for the purpose of maintaining the authority and impartiality of the judiciary and had been proportionate.<\/p>\n 2.\u00a0\u00a0The Court\u2019s assessment<\/em><\/p>\n (a)\u00a0\u00a0The general principles<\/p>\n 62.\u00a0\u00a0The general principles for assessing whether an interference with the exercise of the right to freedom of expression is \u201cnecessary in a democratic society\u201d within the meaning of Article 10 \u00a7 2 of the Convention are well settled in the Court\u2019s case-law. They were recently restated in Pentik\u00e4inen v.\u00a0Finland ([GC], no. 11882\/10, \u00a7\u00a7 87-88, ECHR 2015) and B\u00e9dat v.\u00a0Switzerland ([GC], no. 56925\/08, \u00a7 48, 29 March 2016).<\/p>\n 63.\u00a0\u00a0Moreover, the Court has observed that the phrase \u201cauthority of the judiciary\u201d includes, in particular, the notion that the courts are, and are accepted by the public at large as being, the proper forum for the settlement of legal disputes and for the determination of a person\u2019s guilt or innocence on a criminal charge. What is at stake as regards protection of the authority of the judiciary is the confidence which the courts in a democratic society must inspire in the accused, as far as criminal proceedings are concerned, and also in the public at large (see Kyprianou, cited above, \u00a7\u00a0172).<\/p>\n 64.\u00a0\u00a0The Court has also acknowledged that the work of the courts, which are the guarantors of justice and which have a fundamental role in a State governed by the rule of law, needs to enjoy public confidence. It should therefore be protected against unfounded attacks. The courts, as with all other public institutions, are not immune from criticism and scrutiny. A clear distinction must, however, be made between criticism and insult. If the sole intent of any form of expression is to insult a court, or members of that court, an appropriate punishment would not, in principle, constitute a violation of Article 10 \u00a7 2 of the Convention (see Ska\u0142ka v.\u00a0Poland, no.\u00a043425\/98, \u00a7 34, 27 May 2003 with further references).<\/p>\n 65.\u00a0\u00a0The Court must determine whether the measure taken was \u201cproportionate to the legitimate aims pursued\u201d. In doing so, the Court has to satisfy itself that the national authorities, basing themselves on an acceptable assessment of the relevant facts, applied standards which were in conformity with the principles embodied in Article 10. In addition, the fairness of the proceedings, the procedural guarantees afforded and the nature and severity of the penalties imposed are factors to be taken into account when assessing the proportionality of an interference with the freedom of expression guaranteed by Article 10 (see Kyprianu, cited above, \u00a7\u00a0171 and Kar\u00e1csony and Others, cited above,\u00a7 133, with further references).<\/p>\n 66.\u00a0\u00a0The rule of law, one of the fundamental principles of a democratic society, is inherent in all the Articles of the Convention. It implies, interalia, that there must be a measure of legal protection in domestic law against arbitrary interferences by public authorities with the rights safeguarded by the Convention (ibid, \u00a7 156, with further references).<\/p>\n (b)\u00a0\u00a0Application of the above principles to the present case<\/p>\n 67.\u00a0\u00a0The Court considers that the applicant was adversely affected by the imposition of a custodial penalty of fourteen daysfor his disruption of the court proceedings by shouting his slogan from behind the judges\u2019 bench, which constituted an interference with his freedom of expression. It is a common ground between the parties that this interference was in accordance with the law (section 49 of the Organisation of Courts Act; see paragraph\u00a033 above) and in pursuit of a legitimate aim, namely the protection of the authority of and the public confidence in the judiciary (see, mutatis mutandis, Ska\u0142ka, cited above, \u00a7\u00a030 and 31, and Kyprianou, cited above, \u00a7\u00a0168).<\/p>\n 68.\u00a0\u00a0On the other hand, the Court has found above that the procedure which led to the interferencedid not comply with the requirements of Article 6 of the Convention (see paragraph 51 above).<\/p>\n 69.\u00a0\u00a0In the light of the shortcomings in the impugned procedure, the Court cannot considerthat the restriction on the applicants\u2019 right to freedom of expression was accompanied by effective and adequate safeguards against abuse (see, mutatis mutandis, Kar\u00e1csony and Others, cited above, \u00a7\u00a0151).<\/p>\n 70.\u00a0\u00a0Having regard to the foregoing, the Court considers that in the circumstances of the case the impugned interference with the applicants\u2019 right to freedom of expression was not necessary in the democratic society because it was not accompanied by adequate procedural safeguards. It is therefore unnecessary to examine other aspects of the proportionality such as the form and the content of the applicant\u2019s statement, the context in which it was made, and the nature and severity of the penalties imposed (compare with Ska\u0142ka, cited above, \u00a7\u00a7 35 and 38, with further references).<\/p>\n 71.\u00a0\u00a0The Court concludes that there has been a violation of Article 10 of the Convention on this account.<\/p>\n III.\u00a0\u00a0ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 5 \u00a7 4 OF THE CONVENTION<\/p>\n 72.\u00a0\u00a0The applicant also submitted that his custodial penalty had been executed before his interlocutory appeal against it had been examined by the appellate court. In essence, he complained that his challenge to the lawfulness of his detention had not been examined speedily.<\/p>\n 73.\u00a0\u00a0Having regard to its above findings that the applicant\u2019s punishment for contempt of court in the circumstances of the case has breached Articles\u00a06 and 10 of the Convention, in particular taking into account its observations in paragraphs 50, 51 and 70 above, the Court considers thatthe present case does not raise a separate issue under Article\u00a05 \u00a7\u00a04.<\/p>\n IV.\u00a0\u00a0APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 41 OF THE CONVENTION<\/p>\n 74.\u00a0\u00a0Article 41 of the Convention provides:<\/p>\n \u201cIf the Court finds that there has been a violation of the Convention or the Protocols thereto, and if the internal law of the High Contracting Party concerned allows only partial reparation to be made, the Court shall, if necessary, afford just satisfaction to the injured party.\u201d<\/p>\n A.\u00a0\u00a0Damage<\/strong><\/p>\n 75.\u00a0\u00a0The applicant claimed 30,000\u00a0euros (EUR) in respect of the damage he had suffered. He explained, inter alia, that he had been the victim of the communist regime and, since its collapse, a known and active human-rights defender and politician. He greatly cherished the values of a democratic society and thus felt particularly hurt when the domestic court had punished him for the exercise of his right to freedom of expression.<\/p>\n 76.\u00a0\u00a0The Government considered this amount to be excessive.<\/p>\n 77.\u00a0\u00a0The Court considers that the applicant suffered non\u2011pecuniary damage which would not be sufficiently compensated by the finding of a violation of the Convention. Considering the circumstances of the case and making its assessment on an equitable basis, the Court awards the applicant EUR\u00a015,000 under this head.<\/p>\n B.\u00a0\u00a0Costs and expenses<\/strong><\/p>\n 78.\u00a0\u00a0The applicant\u2019s lawyer also claimed EUR\u00a09,000 for the costs and expenses incurred in the proceedings before the Court. Without furnishing any separate invoice to this effect, the lawyer submitted that the above sum corresponded to thirty hours of work and was due to be paid under the contract between the applicant and the lawyer.<\/p>\n 79.\u00a0\u00a0The Government challenged the above claim for the costs and expenses on the grounds that the applicant had failed to submit, in accordance with Rule 60 \u00a7 2 of the Rules of Court, the itemised particulars of the claim, together with any relevant supporting documents. The Government therefore invited the Court to reject this claim under Rule\u00a060\u00a7\u00a03 of the Rules of Court.<\/p>\n 80.\u00a0\u00a0According to the Court\u2019s case-law, an applicant is entitled to the reimbursement of costs and expenses only in so far as it has been shown that these have been actually and necessarily incurred and are reasonable as to quantum. In the present case, regard being had to the documents in its possession and the above criteria, the Court rejects the claim for costs and expenses in the domestic proceedings and considers it reasonable to award the sum of EUR\u00a0850 for the proceedings before the Court.<\/p>\n C.\u00a0\u00a0Default interest<\/strong><\/p>\n 81.\u00a0\u00a0The Court considers it appropriate that the default interest rate should be based on the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank, to which should be added three percentage points.<\/p>\n FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT, UNANIMOUSLY,<\/strong><\/p>\n 1.\u00a0\u00a0Declaresthe application admissible;<\/p>\n 2.\u00a0\u00a0Holdsthat there has been a violation of Article 6of the Convention;<\/p>\n 3.\u00a0\u00a0Holds that there has been a violation of Article 10 of the Convention;<\/p>\n 4.\u00a0\u00a0Holdsthat it is not required to deal with the merits of the applicant\u2019s complaint under Article 5 \u00a7 4of the Convention;<\/p>\n 5.\u00a0\u00a0Holds,<\/p>\n (a)\u00a0\u00a0that the respondent State is to pay the applicant, within three months from the date on which the judgment becomes final in accordance with Article\u00a044\u00a0\u00a7\u00a02 of the Convention,the following amounts:<\/p>\n (i)\u00a0\u00a0EUR 15,000 (fifteen thousand euros), plus any tax that may be chargeable,in respect of non-pecuniary damage, to be converted into the currency of the respondent State at the rate applicable at the date of settlement;<\/p>\n (ii)\u00a0\u00a0EUR 850 (eight hundred and fifty euros), plus any tax that may be chargeable to the applicant, in respect of costs and expenses, to be converted into the currency of the respondent State at the rate applicable at the date of settlement;<\/p>\n (b)\u00a0\u00a0that from the expiry of the above-mentioned three months until settlement simple interest shall be payable on the above amounts at a rate equal to the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank during the default period plus three percentage points;<\/p>\n 6.\u00a0\u00a0Dismisses, the remainder of the applicant\u2019s claim for just satisfaction.<\/p>\n Done in English, and notified in writing on 6 December 2018, pursuant to Rule\u00a077\u00a0\u00a7\u00a7\u00a02 and 3 of the Rules of Court.<\/p>\n Abel Campos\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Linos-Alexandre Sicilianos
\nRegistrar\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 President<\/p>\n