FIRST SECTION
\nDECISION<\/p>\n
Application no. 78375\/17
\nVida POSHTEH
\nagainst the United Kingdom<\/p>\n
The European Court of Human Rights (First Section), sitting on 27\u00a0November 2018 as a Chamber composed of:<\/p>\n
Linos-Alexandre Sicilianos, President,
\nKsenija Turkovi\u0107,
\nAle\u0161 Pejchal,
\nPauliine Koskelo,
\nTim Eicke,
\nJovan Ilievski,
\nGilberto Felici, judges,
\nand Abel Campos, Section Registrar,<\/p>\n
Having regard to the above application lodged on 6 November 2017,<\/p>\n
Having deliberated, decides as follows:<\/p>\n
THE FACTS<\/strong><\/p>\n 1.\u00a0\u00a0The applicant, Ms Vida Poshteh, is a British national, who was born in 1978 in Rasht, Iran. She currently lives in London. She was represented before the Court by Mr Christian Hansen of Hansen Palomares Solicitors, a lawyer practising in London.<\/p>\n A.\u00a0\u00a0The circumstances of the case<\/strong><\/p>\n 1.\u00a0\u00a0The background facts<\/em><\/p>\n 2.\u00a0\u00a0The facts of the case, as submitted by the applicant, may be summarised as follows.<\/p>\n 3.\u00a0\u00a0The applicant, who was born in Iran, arrived in the United Kingdom in 2003. She was initially granted asylum, having been subject to imprisonment and torture in Iran, and was subsequently granted indefinite leave to remain. She is now a naturalised British citizen.<\/p>\n 4.\u00a0\u00a0The applicant lives with her son, who was born in 2007. In 2009 she applied to the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea (\u201cthe local authority\u201d) for accommodation as a homeless person. She was housed in temporary accommodation and on 13 November 2009 the local authority acknowledged its duty under section 193 of the Housing Act 1996 (see paragraph 27 below) to secure accommodation for her. She was advised that she was eligible to bid for two bedroom properties.<\/p>\n 5.\u00a0\u00a0Having failed to bid successfully for permanent accommodation, on 14 November 2013 the local authority informed her by letter that she was being offered permanent accommodation at 52a Norland Road, London. The property was on the first floor of a two-story building, accessible by twelve stairs. The offer was stated to be a final offer and failure to accept it would result in the local authority\u2019s housing duty coming to an end. It was, however, explained to her that she would have the right to ask for review of any decision to discharge the statutory duty.<\/p>\n 6.\u00a0\u00a0The applicant visited the property on 16 November 2012 with an officer from the local authority and on 21 November her support worker telephoned the local authority to inform it that she would be refusing the offer because she considered it to be \u201ctoo small for her furniture\u201d. However, on 29 November she wrote personally to the local authority stating that the property was unsuitable in view of her history of post-traumatic stress disorder (\u201cPTSD\u201d), depression, and panic and anxiety attacks. She described the windows in the sitting room as \u201ccircle shaped and other windows were too small\u201d. She indicated that they appeared to her as cell windows and they frightened her as they reminded her of being in prison in Iran. She enclosed letters from her General Practitioner (\u201cGP\u201d) and therapist. Her therapist stated that due to her past trauma she would not be able to accept any offer of accommodation in a high rise building where it would be necessary to use a lift. Her GP confirmed that she suffered from PTSD and urged the local authority not to house her in a place where she would have to use a lift or live high up, as this would exacerbate her anxiety and panic attacks.<\/p>\n 7.\u00a0\u00a0The letter of 29 November was treated as a request for a review. The reviewing officer requested copies of the applicant\u2019s medical notes and related materials, and referred them to the local authority\u2019s medical expert, Dr W. In his report of 31 January 2013, Dr W stated that the offer of accommodation was suitable on medical grounds. While he accepted that exposure to memories of an inciting stressor could cause re-emergence of symptoms of PTSD, this had to be balanced against the availability of local accommodation and the relative harm the accommodation could cause. While the property might not have been ideal or entirely to the applicant\u2019s satisfaction, he considered that there was nothing to suggest that it would be harmful or have a significant impact upon her mental health.<\/p>\n 8.\u00a0\u00a0In a decision of 10 February 2013, the reviewing officer upheld the decision to discharge the statutory housing duty. When the applicant appealed, the local authority agreed to carry out a further review. The applicant made representations via her solicitors. In a letter dated 30 August 2013, the solicitors informed the local authority that as soon as the applicant walked into the property, she had flashbacks to her imprisonment and torture. In particular, the property had \u201csmall oddly shaped and placed windows which reminded her of her cell and interrogation rooms. According to the solicitor, just viewing the flat frightened her and \u201csent her into a panic attack\u201d. The solicitor enclosed further medial evidence, including another letter from the applicant\u2019s GP, who stated that the property was rejected because the windows were \u201cvery small and round\u201d and the applicant felt like she was back in prison. In his opinion, it was unsuitable for her as it would continually trigger bad memories of her imprisonment and torture and this would not be good for her mental state. The clinical therapist added that \u201cbeing housed in accommodation with very small dark rooms without windows at a normal height\u201d would remind her of her prison cell.<\/p>\n 9.\u00a0\u00a0On 7 October 2013 the applicant was interviewed by the reviewing officer. According to his note, the applicant said that the main reason for refusing the property was the round window in the living room which was \u201cexactly similar\u201d to the round windows of her cell. Upon questioning, she conceded that the window was not exactly the same, as the one in her cell was much smaller and didn\u2019t let in much light. She further indicated that the property would have been suitable as temporary accommodation but not as accommodation that she would have to live in on a permanent basis.<\/p>\n 10.\u00a0\u00a0In his decision of 17 October 2013 the reviewing officer decided to uphold the decision to end the housing duty to the applicant. He concluded, first, that the property was objectively suitable with regard to size and condition. However, having recognised that objectively suitable accommodation might be unsuitable for a particular applicant if it caused them to suffer from symptoms of mental illness, he proceeded to consider whether the offer of accommodation was reasonable for the applicant to have accepted, given her history of ill-treatment and PTSD. In making this assessment, he gave precedence to the applicant\u2019s medical evidence, but noted that her GP and therapist had only raised concerns about properties with very small windows, or in which the windows were not at normal height. In contrast, the windows at the 52a Norland Road property were a good size and provided sufficient natural light. Moreover, as acknowledged at interview, the circular window was much larger than the one in the applicant\u2019s prison cell, the only similarity being that both were round. Consequently, the officer did not accept as objectively reasonable her assertion that the size or design of the window was reminiscent of a prison cell, or that the windows or layout of the living room recreated the conditions of confinement that was likely to have a significant impact on her mental health.<\/p>\n 2.\u00a0\u00a0The appeal to the County Court<\/em><\/p>\n 11.\u00a0\u00a0The applicant appealed to the County Court on the following two grounds: that the local authority failed to make adequate inquires as it did not ask her treating medical practitioners whether the round window was capable of constituting an inciting stressor which would cause a re\u2011emergence or exacerbation of her PTSD; and that the local authority had placed too much weight on an irrelevant consideration, namely the reviewing officer\u2019s opinion that the applicant\u2019s assertion that the round window would remind her of her experiences in Iran was not \u201cobjectively reasonable\u201d.<\/p>\n 12.\u00a0\u00a0In considering the appeal, the judge indicated that the court should not intervene with a local authority\u2019s fact-finding, except in a clear case where it had acted perversely in the Wednesbury sense.In this regard, she quoted from the speech of Lord Neuberger in Holmes-Moorhouse v.\u00a0Richmond-upon-Thames LBC [2009] UKHL 7 (see paragraph 28\u00a0below). In that speech, Lord Neuberger indicated that a \u201cbenevolent approach should be adopted to the interpretation of review decisions\u201d. In particular, on appeal the court should not take \u201ctoo technical a view of the language used … or adopt a nit-picking approach\u201d, and errors which did not undermine the basis of a decision should not be accepted as a reason for overturning it.<\/p>\n 13.\u00a0\u00a0In respect of the first ground, she found that the reviewing officer had reasonably concluded that he had all the relevant information. He had considered the further medical evidence obtained by the applicant \u2013 including that obtained following her visit to the property, and it was reasonable for him to conclude that he had sufficient information upon which to base his decision. In relation to the second ground, the judge found that the reviewing officer had not placed too much weight on an irrelevant consideration. He had approached the issue correctly, and was entitled to take into account all the evidence before him.<\/p>\n 3.\u00a0\u00a0The appeal to the Court of Appeal<\/em><\/p>\n 14.\u00a0\u00a0The applicant appealed to the Court of Appeal. Two grounds were advanced, namely: whether it was an irrelevant consideration for the reviewing officer to find that it was not objectively reasonable for the applicant to consider the design of the windows in the living room to be reminiscent of her prison cell; and whether the reviewing officer erred in his interpretation of her GP\u2019s comments regarding the effect on the applicant of window size and design.<\/p>\n 15.\u00a0\u00a0In considering the appeal, all three Lord Justices of Appeal had regard to the speech of Lord Neuberger of Abbotsbury in Holmes\u2011Moorhouse v. Richmond-upon-Thames LBC (see paragraph 28below).<\/p>\n 16.\u00a0\u00a0The Court of Appeal, by a majority, dismissed the appeal, finding that the reviewing officer had reached a decision that was reasonably open to him in light of the evidence as a whole. McCombe LJ, with whom Moore-Bick LJ agreed, found that the officer was entitled to take into account all the evidence relating to the applicant\u2019s medical history and not just her account of her experience on one visit, and he was entitled to conclude, on all the evidence, that the subjective reminder of the Iranian prison cell caused by the window during her visit was not likely to have a sufficiently adverse effect on her mental health such as to render reasonable her rejection of the offer of accommodation. McCombe LJ also reminded himself that, pursuant to section 149 of the Equality Act 2010, the local authority had been under a duty to consider how its decision affected \u201cprotected persons\u201d, which included persons with disabilities. However, he considered that the reviewing officer had clearly recognised the applicant\u2019s disability and the public sector equality duty in that respect and took pains to acquire all the information that appeared to him to be necessary for that purpose.<\/p>\n 17.\u00a0\u00a0In his dissenting opinion, Elias J considered that \u201cthe only proper and rational conclusion open to the reviewing officer was that even though the premises were suitable in other respects, it was not reasonable to expect [the applicant] to live there\u201d. For him, the issue was whether the reviewing officer, properly directing himself, could say on the evidence that there was no real risk to her mental health. In this regard, the officer appeared to consider that unless the relevant inciting stressor was one which, objectively considered, was reminiscent of a prison cell, the panic attacks could be ignored or treated as sufficiently trivial as not to be likely to affect her mental health. This reasoning was erroneous and as it lay at the core of the reviewing officer\u2019s analysis, there had been a material misdirection and the decision could not stand. Finally, Elias LJ considered whether this was one of those cases referred to by Lord Neuberger in Holmes-Moorhouse v.\u00a0Richmond-upon-Thames LBC where it was obvious that the decision would have been the same notwithstanding the error in approach (see paragraph 28. below). However, he did not think he could fairly make that assumption.<\/p>\n 18.\u00a0\u00a0Moore-Bick LJ added that it was \u201ccommon ground\u201d between the three Lord Justices that the question for decision was whether, in light of the evidence as a whole, it was open to the reviewing officer, properly directing himself, to conclude that it was reasonable for the applicant to accept the accommodation offered to her. In his opinion, the point on which they were divided was whether the officer wrongly dismissed as objectively unreasonable the applicant\u2019s assertion that the round window reminded her of her prison cell and, as a result, ignored her evidence of experiencing a panic attack. In his view, that was not the case: the reviewing officer did not ignore the panic attack but instead did not accept as objectively reasonable her assertion that the layout of the living room was reminiscent of a prison cell likely to have a significant impact on her mental health. This was a matter of judgment which had to be determined by reference not only to the nature of the inciting stressor or her perception of the property but to the evidence as a whole.<\/p>\n 4.\u00a0\u00a0The application for permission to appeal to the Supreme Court<\/em><\/p>\n 19.\u00a0\u00a0The applicant sought permission to appeal to the Supreme Court on the following two grounds: whether the standard of review applied by the court when examining decisions made by local authorities under Part VII of the Housing Act 1996 involved a greater or more intense form of scrutiny than Wednesbury irrationality; and what, if any, steps were required of a public authority when making decisions under Part VII of the 1996 Act where section 149 of the Equality Act 2010 applied.<\/p>\n 20.\u00a0\u00a0Following the delivery by this Court of its judgment in Fazia Ali v.\u00a0the United Kingdom, no. 40378\/10, 20 October 2015, the applicant subsequently amended her grounds to include the following: whether, and to what extent, Article 6 required a more intensive standard of review than Wednesbury unreasonableness.<\/p>\n 21.\u00a0\u00a0Permission to appeal was granted on two grounds: first, whether the Supreme Court\u2019s judgment in Ali v Birmingham City Council [2010] 2\u00a0AC\u00a039 should be departed from in the light of Fazia Ali, and if so to what extent; and secondly, whether the reviewing officer should have asked himself whether there was a real risk that the applicant\u2019s mental health would be damaged by moving into the accommodation offered, whether or not her reaction to it was irrational, and if so, whether he did in fact apply the right test.<\/p>\n 22.\u00a0\u00a0The Secretary of State was granted permission to intervene. He invited the court to confirm its decision in Ali v Birmingham City Council that the duties imposed on housing authorities under Part VII of the Housing Act 1996 did not give rise to \u201ccivil\u201d rights or obligations, and that accordingly Article 6 had no application. His principal concern was the effect on decision-making procedures of extending Article 6 into both this and other areas of Government activity relating to community care and education. In Ali v Birmingham City Council Lord Hope, in giving the leading speech, had observed that it was not in the public interest for funds allocated to social welfare schemes to be unduly consumed in administration and legal disputes.<\/p>\n 5.\u00a0\u00a0The Supreme Court judgment<\/em><\/p>\n 23.\u00a0\u00a0In a unanimous judgment delivered on 10 May 2017, the Supreme Court dismissed the applicant\u2019s appeal and confirmed the decision of the reviewing officer.<\/p>\n 24.\u00a0\u00a0With regard to the Article 6 complaint, the court declined to follow Fazia Ali, and instead confirmed its decision in Ali v Birmingham City Council that the duties imposed on housing authorities under Part VII of the Housing Act 1996 did not give rise to \u201ccivil\u201d rights or obligations, and that accordingly Article 6 had no application. Lord Carnwath, with whom the other Justices agreed, stated:<\/p>\n \u201c32.\u00a0\u00a0The review of the domestic authorities noted above, from Runa Begum onwards, shows a continuing debate on this issue, against the background of the uncertain Strasbourg jurisprudence. The unanimous judgment of this court in Ali v\u00a0Birmingham City Council was intended to settle the issue at domestic level, after a full review of all the relevant Strasbourg authorities. Against this background it is necessary to consider whether the reasoning in the recent Chamber decision makes it necessary or appropriate for us to depart from that decision.<\/p>\n 33.\u00a0\u00a0The Chamber acknowledged (in line with the Grand Chamber decision in Boulois) the weight to be given to the interpretation of the relevant provisions by the domestic courts. It is disappointing therefore that it failed to address in any detail either the reasoning of the Supreme Court, or indeed its concerns over \u2018judicialisation\u2019 of the welfare services, and the implications for local authority resources (see para 23 above). Instead the Chamber concentrated its attention on two admittedly obiter statements, respectively by Hale LJ (as she then was) in the Court of Appeal in Adan, and Lord Millett in Runa Begum. However, its treatment of these two statements is open to the criticism that they were taken out of context, and without regard to their limited significance in the domestic case law.<\/p>\n … … …<\/p>\n 35.\u00a0\u00a0Questionable also, with respect, is the Chamber\u2019s reliance on the decision in Schuler-Zgraggen v Switzerland as an example of entitlement subject to \u2018discretion\u2019. As Lord Collins pointed out in Ali (at para 61), it was treated by the 1993 court as a claim to an \u2018individual economic right\u2019 flowing from \u2018specific rules\u2019 laid down in the statute. The case report shows that the statute in question gave a right to a full invalidity pension where incapacity of at least 66.66% was established (para 35). Once that level of incapacity was established, the financial entitlement followed as a matter of right, not discretion. It is hard to see any fair comparison with the range of factors, including allocation of scare resources, to which authorities are entitled to have regard in fulfilling their obligations under the housing legislation. In fairness to the Chamber, it may be that this was not spelt out in the government\u2019s submissions, as fully as it has been in recent domestic cases (see eg para 27 above).<\/p>\n 36.\u00a0\u00a0Our duty under the Human Rights Act 1998 section 2 is \u2018take account of\u2019 the decision of the court. There appears to be no relevant Grand Chamber decision on the issue, but we would normally follow a \u2018clear and constant line\u2019 of chamber decisions (see Manchester City Council v Pinnock [2011] 2 AC 104, para 48). This might perhaps be said of some of the previous decisions referred to in the judgment, including most recently Tsfayo v United Kingdom (2006) in which the application of article 6 was conceded by the government. However, it is apparent from the Chamber\u2019s reasoning (see para 58 cited above) that it was consciously going beyond the scope of previous cases. In answer to Lord Hope\u2019s concern that there was \u2018no clearly defined stopping point\u2019 to the process of expansion, its answer seems to have been that none was needed. That is a possible view, but one which should not readily be adopted without full consideration of its practical implications for the working of the domestic regime.<\/p>\n 37.\u00a0\u00a0The scope and limits of the concept of a \u2018civil right\u2019, as applied to entitlements in the field of public welfare, raise important issues as to the interpretation of article 6, on which the views of the Chamber are unlikely to be the last word. In my view, this is a case in which, without disrespect to the Chamber, we should not regard its decision as a sufficient reason to depart from the fully considered and unanimous conclusion of the court in Ali. It is appropriate that we should await a full consideration by a Grand Chamber before considering whether (and if so how) to modify our own position.\u201d<\/p>\n 25.\u00a0\u00a0With regard to the second ground, he continued:<\/p>\n \u201c39.\u00a0\u00a0In my view, the appeal on this issue well illustrates the relevance of Lord\u00a0Neuberger\u2019s warning in Holmes-Moorhouse (para 7 above) against over-zealous linguistic analysis. This is not to diminish the importance of the responsibility given to housing authorities and their officers by the 1996 Act, reinforced in the case of disability by the Equality Act 2010. The length and detail of the decision-letter show that the writer was fully aware of this responsibility. Viewed as a whole, it reads as a conscientious attempt by a hard-pressed housing officer to cover every conceivable issue raised in the case. He was doing so, as he said, against the background of serious shortage of housing and overwhelming demand from other applicants, many no doubt equally deserving. He clearly understood the potential importance of considering her mental state against the background of her imprisonment in Iran. His description of the central issue (para 39) has not been criticised.\u201d<\/p>\n 26.\u00a0\u00a0Finally, Lord Carnwath referred to the applicant\u2019s complaint concerning the scope of review. He observed that:<\/p>\n \u201cThis issue was not one on which permission to appeal was given, nor has [counsel for the applicant] offered any convincing reason for extending its scope. I bear in mind also Lord Neuberger\u2019s comments on the potentially profound constitutional implications of a decision to replace the traditional Wednesbury tests for administrative decisions in general (R (Keyu) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs [2016] AC 1355, para 132). I would agree with [counsel for the applicant] that, since the creation of a statutory right of appeal to the county court, recourse to the highly restrictive approach adopted 30 years ago in the Puhlhofer case (R v Hillingdon London Borough Council, Ex p Puhlhofer [1986] AC 484) is no longer necessary or appropriate. However, the principles governing the right of appeal to the county court under the 1996 Act have been authoritatively established by the House of Lords in Runa Begum\u2019s case and others following it (including Holmes\u2011Moorhouse), and should be taken as settled.\u201d<\/p>\n B.\u00a0\u00a0Relevant domestic law and practice<\/strong><\/p>\n 1.\u00a0\u00a0The Housing Act 1996<\/em><\/p>\n 27.\u00a0\u00a0The relevant provisions of the Housing Act are set out in full in Fazia Ali (cited above, \u00a7\u00a7 26-30).<\/p>\n 2.\u00a0\u00a0The scope of review under Part VII of the Housing Act 1996<\/em><\/p>\n 28.\u00a0\u00a0The proper approach of the court when reviewing decisions under Part VII of the 1996 Act was explained by Lord Neuberger in Holmes\u2011Moorhouse v. Richmond-upon-Thames LBC [2009] UKHL 7:<\/p>\n \u201c46.\u00a0\u00a0The rights granted by Part VII of the 1996 Act to those claiming to be homeless or threatened with homelessness are based on humanitarian considerations, and this underlines the fact that any challenge to a review decision should be carefully considered by the County Court to whom such challenges are directed. Given that the challenge in the County Court is treated as a first appeal, the responsibility on the Judge considering the challenge is heavy, and, if he or she is satisfied that there is an error in the reasoning which undermines the basis upon which the decision was arrived at, then the decision should obviously be set aside.<\/p>\n 47.\u00a0\u00a0However, a Judge should not adopt an unfair or unrealistic approach when considering or interpreting such review decisions. Although they may often be checked by people with legal experience or qualifications before they are sent out, review decisions are prepared by housing officers, who occupy a post of considerable responsibility and who have substantial experience in the housing field, but they are not lawyers. It is not therefore appropriate to subject their decisions to the same sort of analysis as may be applied to a contract drafted by solicitors, to an Act of Parliament, or to a court\u2019s judgment.<\/p>\n 48.\u00a0\u00a0Further, at least in my experience, and as this case exemplifies, review decisions generally set out the facts, the contentions, the analyses and the conclusions in some detail. To my mind, given the importance, particularly to the applicant, of the issues considered in review decisions, such fullness is to be strongly encouraged. However, as any lawyer knows, the more fully an opinion is expressed, the greater the opportunity for alleging mistakes of fact, errors of law, or inconsistencies. If the courts are too critical in their analyses of such decisions, it will tend to discourage reviewing officers from expressing themselves so fully.<\/p>\n 49.\u00a0\u00a0In my view, it is therefore very important that, while Circuit Judges should be vigilant in ensuring that no applicant is wrongly deprived of benefits under Part VII of the 1996 Act because of any error on the part of the reviewing officer, it is equally important that an error which does not, on a fair analysis, undermine the basis of the decision, is not accepted as a reason for overturning the decision.<\/p>\n 50.\u00a0\u00a0Accordingly, a benevolent approach should be adopted to the interpretation of review decisions. The court should not take too technical view of the language used, or search for inconsistencies, or adopt a nit-picking approach, when confronted with an appeal against a review decision. That is not to say that the court should approve incomprehensible or misguided reasoning, but it should be realistic and practical in its approach to the interpretation of review decisions.<\/p>\n 51.\u00a0\u00a0Further, as the present case shows, a decision can often survive despite the existence of an error in the reasoning advanced to support it. For example, sometimes the error is irrelevant to the outcome; sometimes it is too trivial (objectively, or in the eyes of the decision-maker) to affect the outcome; sometimes it is obvious from the rest of the reasoning, read as a whole, that the decision would have been the same notwithstanding the error; sometimes, there is more than one reason for the conclusion, and the error only undermines one of the reasons; sometimes, the decision is the only one which could rationally have been reached. In all such cases, the error should not (save, perhaps, in wholly exceptional circumstances) justify the decision being quashed.\u201d<\/p>\n 3.\u00a0\u00a0The applicability of Article 6 to reviews of decisions under Part VII of the Housing Act 1996<\/em><\/p>\n 29.\u00a0\u00a0After some debate at the domestic level, Ali v Birmingham City Council [2010] 2 AC 39 was intended to settle the question of the applicability of Article 6 to such cases. In that case, a unanimous Supreme Court held that the determination by the local authority, that its duty to secure accommodation for the applicant had ceased, was not a determination of her civil rights within the meaning of Article 6 of the Convention (see Fazia Ali, cited above, \u00a7\u00a7 20-25).<\/p>\n COMPLAINT<\/strong><\/p>\n 30.\u00a0\u00a0The applicant complained under Article 6 \u00a7 1 of the Convention about the scope of review under Part VII of the Housing Act 1996.<\/p>\n THE LAW<\/strong><\/p>\n 31.\u00a0\u00a0The applicant complained under Article 6 \u00a7 1 of the Convention that her challenge to the decision that the local authority had discharged its statutory duty to provide her with accommodation had not been subject to sufficient scrutiny by an independent and impartial tribunal to ensure that it was made on the basis of adequate and sufficient information and that it was supported by proper reasons.<\/p>\n 32.\u00a0\u00a0Article 6 \u00a7 1 of the Convention provides, insofar as is relevant to the present complaint:<\/p>\n \u201c1.\u00a0\u00a0In the determination of his civil rights and obligations … everyone is entitled to a fair and public hearing … by an independent and impartial tribunal established by law.\u201d<\/p>\n 33.\u00a0\u00a0In Fazia Ali v. the United Kingdom, no. 40378\/10, 20 October 2015 the Court considered a complaint very similar to that of the applicant in the present case. Ms Ali, having refused an offer of accommodation by the local authority, was notified that it had discharged its statutory duty to provide accommodation to her as a homeless person eligible for assistance. She requested a review of this decision and, unhappy with a factual finding of the reviewing officer, appealed to the County Court. However, the County Court refused to hear evidence on the issue as findings of fact were properly for the reviewing officer to make. On appeal, the Court of Appeal proceeded on the assumption that the case involved the determination of the applicant\u2019s civil rights for the purposes of Article 6 \u00a7 1 of the Convention but dismissed the appeal as it considered that the review had been sufficient to satisfy the requirements of that Article. As already noted at paragraph\u00a029 above, the Supreme Court unanimously found that Article\u00a06 was not applicable.<\/p>\n 34.\u00a0\u00a0The Court reached a different decision on the applicability of Article\u00a06, finding that the domestic proceedings did involve the \u201cdetermination\u201d of a \u201ccivil right\u201d (see also, in the different context of civil servant employment disputes, the judgment of the Grand Chamber in Regner v. the Czech Republic[GC], no. 35289\/11, 19 September 2017). Nevertheless, the Court was not insensitive to the concerns expressed by the Supreme Court in Ali about the \u201cjudicialisation\u201d of the welfare services, and the implications for local authority resources\u201d (see the opinion of Lord Carnwath at paragraph\u00a024 above). On the contrary, having full regard to the purpose of the legislative scheme (being the provision of housing to homeless persons), it held that the procedure provided for resolution of disputes under Part VII of the 1996 Act was compliant with Article 6 \u00a7 1, and that the adjudicatory process by which the applicant\u2019s \u201ccivil rights\u201d were \u201cdetermined\u201d, taken as a whole, provided a due enquiry into the facts (Fazia Ali, cited above, \u00a7\u00a7\u00a084-85).<\/p>\n 35.\u00a0\u00a0In particular, it held that:<\/p>\n \u201c83.\u00a0\u00a0Although the County Court did not have jurisdiction to conduct a full rehearing of the facts, the appeal available to the applicant did permit it to carry out a certain review of both the facts and the procedure by which the factual findings of the Officer were arrived at. In particular, the applicant could \u2013 and initially did \u2013 argue that in reaching the decision the Officer had taken into account irrelevant considerations and\/or acted under a fundamental mistake of fact; that the Council had failed to make adequate inquiries to enable it to reach a lawful decision; that the decision was one which no rational Council could have made; that it fettered its discretion; and that it acted in breach of natural justice (see paragraph 13 above).<\/p>\n 84.\u00a0\u00a0In considering whether the legislative scheme, taken as a whole, provided a due enquiry into the facts, the Court must also have regard to the nature and purpose of that scheme. Indeed, in relation to administrative-law appeals, the question whether the scope of judicial review afforded was \u201csufficient\u201d may depend not only on the discretionary or technical nature of the subject\u2011matter of the decision appealed against and the particular issue that the applicant wishes to ventilate before the courts as being the central issue for him or her, but also, more generally, on the nature of the \u201ccivil rights and obligations\u201d at stake and the nature of the policy objective pursued by the underlying domestic law.<\/p>\n 85.\u00a0\u00a0The scheme at issue in the present case was designed to provide housing to homeless persons. It was therefore a legislative welfare scheme covering a multitude of small cases and intended to bring as great a benefit as possible to needy persons in an economical and fair manner. The Court considers that with regard to the \u201cdetermination\u201d of rights and obligations deriving from such a social welfare scheme, when due enquiry into the facts has already been conducted at the administrative adjudicatory stage, Article 6 \u00a7 1 of the Convention cannot be read as requiring that the judicial review before a court should encompass a reopening with a rehearing of witnesses. As was said by Thomas LJ in the Court of Appeal (see paragraph 18 above), such a reading of Article 6 \u00a7 1 would have significant implications for both the statutory scheme and the court and tribunal system.<\/p>\n … … …<\/p>\n 87.\u00a0\u00a0In light of the above, taking as a whole the legislative welfare scheme by virtue of which the applicant, as a homeless person, derived her \u201ccivil right\u201d to be provided with accommodation, the Court considers that the appeal to the courts open to her afforded her adequate protection as regards the judicial \u201cdetermination\u201d of that \u201ccivil right\u201d. In other terms, it finds that the decision by the Council that it had discharged its duty to her under Part VII of the 1996 Act was subject to judicial scrutiny of sufficient scope to satisfy the requirements of Article 6 \u00a7 1 of the Convention.\u201d<\/p>\n 36.\u00a0\u00a0Turning, then, to the case before it, the Court has carefully considered the concerns expressed by the Supreme Court in relation to the question whether the applicant had a \u201ccivil right\u201d to be provided with accommodation and, as a consequence, whether Article 6 \u00a7 1 of the Convention was engaged (see paragraph 24 above). However, applying the approach identified in the Court\u2019s judgment in Fazia Ali, the present application is in any event manifestly ill-founded. Consequently, the Court does not consider it either necessary or appropriate to relinquish jurisdiction in relation to the present application to the Grand Chamber under Article\u00a030 of the Convention.<\/p>\n 37.\u00a0\u00a0It is true that as Ms Ali\u2019s challenge to the decision of the reviewing officer was primarily a factual one, her complaint focussed on the fact that domestic courts had no jurisdiction to re-open the proceedings and rehear witnesses. Nevertheless, the scope of review that was in fact carried out by those courts was exactly the same as in the present case; indeed, the Supreme Court in Ali expressly referred to the speech of Lord Neuberger of Abbotsbury in Holmes-Moorhouse v. Richmond-upon-Thames LBC, which formed the basis of the domestic courts\u2019 analysis in the case at hand (see paragraphs 12, 15, 17, and 26 above).<\/p>\n 38.\u00a0\u00a0The Court clearly considered this level of review to be \u201cjudicial scrutiny of sufficient scope to satisfy the requirements of Article 6 \u00a7 1 of the Convention\u201d (Fazia Ali, cited above, \u00a7\u00a7 83-87). The same must be true in the present case, where the applicant was able to argue, at each level of jurisdiction, that the reviewing officer had regard to irrelevant considerations, that he made a material error in assessing the evidence, that he failed to make adequate inquiries to enable it to reach a lawful decision, and that the decision was one which no rational reviewing officer could have made (see paragraphs 11, 14 and 19 above) \u2013 in other words, precisely the same arguments that were material to the Court\u2019s finding in Fazia Ali concerning the sufficiency of the judicial review (Fazia Ali, cited above, \u00a7\u00a083).<\/p>\n 39.\u00a0\u00a0In light of the foregoing, it is clear that the local authority\u2019s decision that it had discharged its duty to the applicant under Part VII of the 1996 Act was subject to judicial scrutiny of sufficient scope to satisfy the requirements of Article 6 \u00a7 1 of the Convention. Accordingly, the Court considers that the applicant\u2019s complaint must be rejected as manifestly ill\u2011founded pursuant to Article 35 \u00a7 3(a) of the Convention.<\/p>\n For these reasons, the Court,unanimously,<\/p>\n Declares the application inadmissible.<\/p>\n Done in English and notified in writing on 20 December 2018.<\/p>\n Abel Campos\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Linos-Alexandre Sicilianos
\nRegistrar\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 President<\/p>\n