THIRD SECTION
\nCASE OF FEDCHENKO v. RUSSIA (No. 5)
\n(Application no. 17229\/13)<\/p>\n
JUDGMENT
\nSTRASBOURG
\n2 October 2018<\/p>\n
FINAL
\n02\/01\/2019<\/p>\n
This judgment has become final under Article 44 \u00a7 2 of the Convention. It may be subject to editorial revision.<\/p>\n
In the case of Fedchenko v. Russia (no. 5),<\/strong><\/p>\n The European Court of Human Rights (Third Section), sitting as a Chamber composed of:<\/p>\n Vincent A. De Gaetano, President, Having deliberated in private on 4 September 2018,<\/p>\n Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date:<\/p>\n PROCEDURE<\/strong><\/p>\n 1.\u00a0\u00a0The case originated in an application (no. 17229\/13) against the Russian Federation lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by a Russian national, Mr Oleg DmitriyevichFedchenko (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 10 January 2013.<\/p>\n 2.\u00a0\u00a0The applicant was represented by Ms M.A. Ledovskikh, a lawyer practising in Voronezh. The Russian Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented by Mr G. Matyushkin, Representative of the Russian Federation to the European Court of Human Rights, and then by his successor in that office, Mr M. Galperin.<\/p>\n 3.\u00a0\u00a0The applicant alleged, in particular, a breach of his right to freedom of expression on account of defamation proceedings against him.<\/p>\n 4.\u00a0\u00a0On 19 September 2016 the complaint under Article 10 was communicated to the Government and the remainder of the application was declared inadmissiblepursuant to Rule 54 \u00a7 3 of the Rules of Court.<\/p>\n THE FACTS<\/strong><\/p>\n I.\u00a0\u00a0THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE<\/p>\n 5.\u00a0\u00a0The applicant was born in 1968 and lives in Suponevo, the Bryansk Region.<\/p>\n 6.\u00a0\u00a0The applicant has been editor of a weekly newspaper, BryanskiyeBudni(\u0411\u0440\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438), since he founded it in 1999.<\/p>\n A.\u00a0\u00a0Background<\/strong><\/p>\n 7.\u00a0\u00a0In June 2010 the prosecuting authorities conducted a check into compliance with fire safety rules at the Tymoshkovykh shopping centre (\u0422\u0420\u0426 \u0422\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0448\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445). The report stated that fifteen breaches of the rules had been found.<\/p>\n 8.\u00a0\u00a0On 21 June 2010 the prosecutor applied to a court with a request, inter alia, to order N.K. Timoshkov, the owner of the shopping centre, to rectify the breaches.<\/p>\n 9.\u00a0\u00a0By a final decision of 2 August 2010 the application was allowed in that part.<\/p>\n 10.\u00a0\u00a0Enforcement proceedings were instituted and subsequently discontinued.<\/p>\n 11.\u00a0\u00a0In September 2011 the prosecuting authorities conducted another check. They found that the breaches had not been rectified and, moreover, found new ones. Overall, fifty violations of fire safety regulations were found, of which fifteen were considered to pose a threat to the life and health of people inside the centre.<\/p>\n 12.\u00a0\u00a0The bailiffs\u2019 decision to discontinue the enforcement proceedings was set aside.<\/p>\n 13.\u00a0\u00a0At the same time the prosecutor instituted new court proceedings against the shopping centre, seeking to have the fire safety breaches rectified. The prosecutor also asked the court to close the shopping centre temporarily as a provisional measure until fire safety regulations had been complied with fully.<\/p>\n 14.\u00a0\u00a0On an unspecified date the Bryansk Regional Court ordered the shopping centre to close temporarily. The proceedings on the merits remained pending, and a further hearing was scheduled for 27 March 2012.<\/p>\n 15.\u00a0\u00a0On 23 March 2012 the Regnum Centre news portal published an article on its website about the temporary closure of the Tymoshkovykh shopping centre due to breaches of fire safety rules.<\/p>\n 16.\u00a0\u00a0On 26 March 2012 the iBryansk.ru news portal published an article on its website about a meeting between Mr Timoshkov and representatives of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, the Bryansk prosecutor, the head of the Bryansk Administration and Mikhail Klimov, a deputy governor of the Bryansk Region.<\/p>\n 17.\u00a0\u00a0On 27 March 2012 the bnews32.ru news portal published an article about a court order to close the shopping centre.The article also stated that the owner of the shopping centre considered the measure to be too severe, and that Nikolay Denin, governor of the Bryansk Region, had instructed Mr\u00a0Klimov to personally take charge of the matter.<\/p>\n 18.\u00a0\u00a0On the same date Regnum Centre published an article that at the 27\u00a0March 2012 hearing the Bezhitskiy District Curt of Bryansk had dismissed an application to lift the provisional measure. The article also stated that Mr Timoshkov had been very active in connection with the closure of the shopping centre and had already met representatives of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, the Bryansk prosecutor, the head of the Bryansk Administration and Mr Klimov. The news portal reported that as the court hearing had taken place after the meeting, Mr Timoshkov had been outraged by the decision and had said as follows: \u201cIn my opinion, which is shared by officials at the Ministry of Emergency Situations and Deputy Governor Klimov, there is no threat to people\u2019s safety. I do not know why [the court delivered] such a decision. We shall appeal against it.\u201d<\/p>\n 19.\u00a0\u00a0On 29 March 2012 the province.ru news portal published an article on its website saying that the Bryansk prosecutor\u2019s office had applied to the court to lift the suspension of the shopping centre\u2019s activities, as announced by the deputy prosecutor, A. Stupak, at a meeting of the regional Duma. The article said that he had stated that the breaches that had been found were not considered by the Ministry of Emergency Situations as posing a threat to the life of employees and customers at the centre and that the owner had rectified some of them.<\/p>\n 20.\u00a0\u00a0On 30 March 2012 the Tymoshkovykh shopping centre reopened.<\/p>\n 21.\u00a0\u00a0On 11 April 2012 province.ru published an article on its website which read as follows:<\/p>\n \u201cOn 27 March the building was closed due to breaches of fire safety rules. By a court decision provisional measures were applied for one month pending rectification of the breaches.<\/p>\n Those events caused a stir. Businessmen talked to the regional prosecutor. Town and regional officials pleaded on behalf of the business. As a result, on 30 March the prosecutor\u2019s office withdrew its complaint and the shopping centre opened again.<\/p>\n However, yesterday the regional court refused to lift the provisional measures. That means that before 27 April the building may be closed again. Today the shopping centre is open as usual. However, tenants say that bailiffs might visit them again on 13\u00a0April. In the meantime, the businessmen are going to again ask the prosecutor\u2019s office for clarification.\u201d<\/p>\n B.\u00a0\u00a0Article<\/strong><\/p>\n 22.\u00a0\u00a0On 29 March 2012 the applicant published an article inBryanskiyeBudni no. 639\/12 headlined \u201c…and were Timoshkov\u2019s errand boys\u201d (\u201c…\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0443 \u0422\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0448\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0430\u0445\u201d)[1], where he criticised the officials who had taken the side of the shopping centre in the above events. The relevant part of the article reads as follows:<\/p>\n \u201cThe finest forces were mustered in support of Timoshkov. The most notorious sages gathered at the table \u2013 deputy governor Mikhail Klimov, the head of the town administration Sergey Smirnov and other officials. They were ordered to rescue their patron Timoshkov, and they did so. Quite a few establishments have been closed on account of a breach of fire safety rules, yet no such cavalry ever came to their rescue. The highest officials rushed to defend the interests of businessman Timoshkov …<\/p>\n The corrupt Bryansk officials gave themselves away and did not even understand what had happened. Actually, they would not have been very embarrassed even if they had realised that they had revealed their connections. \u2018Who are you with, masters of culture?\u2019 they used to say in the times of Stalin. Another question needs to be asked in Bryansk: \u2018Who are you with, masters of thievery? Who are you defending?\u2019\u201d<\/p>\n 23.\u00a0\u00a0The original Russian version is given below:<\/p>\n \u201c\u041d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443 \u0422\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0448\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0443 \u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044b. \u0417\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u044a\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0443\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0446\u044b \u2013 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0433\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b \u041a\u043b\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432, \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0439 \u0421\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438. \u0418\u043c \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0430 \u0422\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0448\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u0438 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0430\u043b\u0438. \u041c\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0437-\u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0436\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0443\u0447\u043a\u0443 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0442. \u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u044b \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0437\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0422\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0448\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043a\u0438\u043d\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0449\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 …<\/p>\n \u0411\u0440\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0440\u0443\u043f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u043b\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c. \u0412\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c, \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0438\u0448\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0431\u044b \u0438 \u0441\u043c\u0443\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u044b \u0432\u0441\u0435-\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0438\u043b\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438. \u00ab\u0421 \u043a\u0435\u043c \u0432\u044b, \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b?\u00bb – \u0433\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0421\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0435. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0411\u0440\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441: \u00ab\u0421 \u043a\u0435\u043c \u0432\u044b, \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0430? \u041a\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0435?\u201d<\/p>\n C.\u00a0\u00a0Court proceedings<\/strong><\/p>\n 24.\u00a0\u00a0On 23 April 2012 Mr Klimov brought an action for defamation against the applicant and sought damages of 500,000 Russian roubles (RUB). He asserted, in particular, that the following passages were untrue and damaging to his honour and reputation:<\/p>\n 1.\u00a0\u00a0\u201cThe finest forces were mustered in support of Timoshkov. The most notorious sages gathered at the table \u2013 deputy governor Mikhail Klimov, the head of the town administration Sergey Smirnov and other officials. They were ordered to rescue their patron Timoshkov, and they didso … The highest officials rushed to defend the interests of businessman Timoshkov.\u201d<\/p>\n 2.\u00a0\u00a0\u201cThe corrupt Bryansk officials gave themselves away and did not even understand what had happened.\u201d<\/p>\n 3.\u00a0\u00a0\u201cAnother question needs to be asked in Bryansk: \u2018Who are you with, masters of thievery? Who are you defending?\u2019\u201d<\/p>\n 25.\u00a0\u00a0On 27 September 2012 the Bryansk District Court of the Bryansk Region allowed the claim. In its decision it relied on a linguistic expert\u2019s examination of 1 August 2012. According to the expert\u2019s report, the passages in question were susceptible of being looked at in terms of their factual accuracy. In the first and second passages the information had been presented in the form of assertions. The third passage had contained rhetorical questions which had expressed the author\u2019s opinion. However, there was also an implied assertion that those concerned, including the claimant, were \u201cmasters of the thieves\u2019 trade\u201d, that is they had been engaged in unlawful activities.<\/p>\n 26.\u00a0\u00a0The court dismissed the applicant\u2019s argument that all the facts described in the article were true, whereas in the passages concerned he had expressed his opinion. Relying on the above report, the court found that the claimant had been referred to in the passages concerned, which constituted negative statements that had discredited his moral character and damaged his honour, dignity and business reputation.<\/p>\n 27.\u00a0\u00a0The court ordered the applicant to publish a retraction within ten days of the judgment\u2019s entry into force and awarded the claimant damages of RUB 5,000 (approximately 125euros (EUR)).<\/p>\n 28.\u00a0\u00a0The applicant appealed.<\/p>\n 29.\u00a0\u00a0On 27 November 2012 the Bryansk Regional Court upheld the judgment.<\/p>\n 30.\u00a0\u00a0On 19 February 2013 the Bryansk Regional Court refused leave to the applicant to lodge a cassation appeal.<\/p>\n II.\u00a0\u00a0RELEVANT DOMESTIC LAW AND PRACTICE<\/p>\n 31.\u00a0\u00a0Article 29 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation guarantees freedom of thought and expression, and freedom of the media.<\/p>\n 32.\u00a0\u00a0Article 152 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation provides that an individual can apply to a court with a request for the correction of statements (\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f) that are damaging to his or her honour, dignity or professional reputation if the person who disseminated such statements does not prove their truthfulness. The aggrieved person may also claim compensation for losses and non-pecuniary damage sustained as a result of the dissemination of such statements.<\/p>\n 33.\u00a0\u00a0Resolution no. 3 of the Plenary Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of 24 February 2005 defines \u201cuntruthful statements\u201d as allegations of facts or events which have not taken place in reality by the time of the statements\u2019 dissemination. Statements contained in court decisions, decisions by investigative bodies and other official documents amenable to appeal cannot be considered untruthful. Statements alleging that a person has breached the law, committed a dishonest act, behaved unethically or broken rules of business etiquette tarnish that person\u2019s honour, dignity and business reputation (section 7). Resolution no. 3 requires courts hearing defamation claims to distinguish between statements of fact, which can be checked for their veracity, and value judgments, opinions and convictions, which are not actionable under Article 152 of the Civil Code since they are an expression of the defendant\u2019s subjective opinion and views and cannot be checked for their veracity (section 9).<\/p>\n THE LAW<\/strong><\/p>\n I.\u00a0\u00a0ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 10 OF THE CONVENTION<\/p>\n 34.\u00a0\u00a0The applicant complained that the domestic courts\u2019 judgments had violated his right to express his opinion and to impart information and ideas on matters of public interest guaranteed by Article 10 of the Convention, which reads as follows:<\/p>\n \u201c1.\u00a0\u00a0Everyone has the right to freedom of expression. This right shall include freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart information and ideas without interference by public authority and regardless of frontiers. This Article shall not prevent States from requiring the licensing of broadcasting, television or cinema enterprises.<\/p>\n 2.\u00a0\u00a0The exercise of these freedoms, since it carries with it duties and responsibilities, may be subject to such formalities, conditions, restrictions or penalties as are prescribed by law and are necessary in a democratic society, in the interests of national security, territorial integrity or public safety, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, for the protection of the reputation or rights of others, for preventing the disclosure of information received in confidence, or for maintaining the authority and impartiality of the judiciary.\u201d<\/p>\n 35.\u00a0\u00a0The Government contested that argument. They conceded that the judicial decisions in the present case had constituted an interference with the applicant\u2019s rights guaranteed by Article 10. However, they argued that the interference had been \u201cprescribed by law\u201d, being based on Article 152 of the Civil Code and Resolution no. 3 of the Plenary Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of 24 February 2005 (section 7), had pursued a legitimate aim of the protection of the reputation or rights of others and had been proportionate to that aim.<\/p>\n 36.\u00a0\u00a0The Government noted that in the article in question the applicant had allegedthat Mr Klimovhad abused his official powers in his personal interests, exercised an unlawful activity and exerted pressure on the prosecutor\u2019s office. They argued that it had been for the applicant to corroborate his allegations, which he had failed to do before the domestic courts. In that regard, the Government relied on Markt Intern Verlag GmbH and Klaus Beermann v. Germany(20 November 1989, \u00a7 35, Series\u00a0A no.\u00a0165); RumyanaIvanova v. Bulgaria(no. 36207\/03, 14 February 2008); and Novaya Gazeta and Borodyanskiy v. Russia(no. 14087\/08, \u00a7\u00a7 36-44, 28\u00a0March 2013).The Government also pointed out that the newspaper had a wide circulation of 6,500 copies, and that the amount of damages awarded by the domestic courts had been fairly modest.<\/p>\n 37.\u00a0\u00a0The Government further argued that the domestic courts had duly balanced the applicant\u2019s rights under Article 10 of the Convention and the plaintiff\u2019s rights protected under Article 8. They relied, inter alia, on Keller v.\u00a0Hungary (dec.), no. 33352\/02, 4 April 2006; Lindon, Otchakovsky\u2011Laurens and July v. France [GC], nos.\u00a021279\/02 and 36448\/02, ECHR 2007\u2011IV; Pfeifer v. Austria, no.\u00a012556\/03, 15 November 2007; Vitrenko and Others v. Ukraine (dec.), no. 23510\/02, 16 December 2008; Alithia Publishing Company Ltd and Constantinides v. Cyprus, no.\u00a017550\/03, \u00a7 49, 22 May 2008; and OOO \u2018Vesti\u2019 and Ukhov v. Russia, no.\u00a021724\/03, \u00a7 62, 30 May 2013).<\/p>\n 38.\u00a0\u00a0The applicant, while agreeing with the Government that the interference had been \u201cprescribed by law\u201d and had pursued the legitimate aim of the protection of the reputation or rights of others, contended that it had not been proportionate. He argued that the domestic courts had not taken into consideration either his position or that of the plaintiff. In his view, his being an editor of a newspaper and a journalist meant that the interference with his right of freedom to expression should have been assessed in the light of the important role the press plays in a democratic society. At the same time, Mr Klimov was a deputy governor of the Bryansk Region, that is a public figure, who had to display a greater degree of tolerance to public criticism. Furthermore, the subject of fire safety at a local shopping centre and the involvement of regional officials in its reopening was clearly a matter of public interest, which had been widely covered by the local media.<\/p>\n 39.\u00a0\u00a0With regard to the particular passages that the domestic courts had found defamatory, the applicant submitted that while the courts had interpreted them as giving a negative assessment of the plaintiff, they at the same time had considered them as constituting statements of fact which had required proof. However, such findings were contradictory and, the passages in question being value judgments, the requirement of proof was impossible to fulfil.<\/p>\n A.\u00a0\u00a0Admissibility<\/strong><\/p>\n 40.\u00a0\u00a0The Court notes that the application is not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 \u00a7 3 (a) of the Convention. It further notes that it is not inadmissible on any other grounds. It must therefore be declared admissible.<\/p>\n B.\u00a0\u00a0Merits<\/strong><\/p>\n 1.\u00a0\u00a0General principles<\/em><\/p>\n 41.\u00a0\u00a0The general principles for assessing the necessity of an interference with the exercise of freedom of expression are summarised in B\u00e9dat v.\u00a0Switzerland ([GC], no. 56925\/08, \u00a7 48, ECHR 2016) as follows:<\/p>\n \u201c(i)\u00a0\u00a0Freedom of expression constitutes one of the essential foundations of a democratic society and one of the basic conditions for its progress and for each individual\u2019s self-fulfilment. Subject to paragraph 2 of Article 10, it is applicable not only to \u2018information\u2019 or \u2018ideas\u2019 that are favourably received or regarded as inoffensive or as a matter of indifference, but also to those that offend, shock or disturb. Such are the demands of pluralism, tolerance and broadmindedness without which there is no \u2018democratic society\u2019. As set forth in Article 10, this freedom is subject to exceptions, which … must, however, be construed strictly, and the need for any restrictions must be established convincingly …<\/p>\n (ii)\u00a0\u00a0The adjective \u2018necessary\u2019, within the meaning of Article 10 \u00a7 2, implies the existence of a \u2018pressing social need\u2019. The Contracting States have a certain margin of appreciation in assessing whether such a need exists, but it goes hand in hand with European supervision, embracing both the legislation and the decisions applying it, even those given by an independent court. The Court is therefore empowered to give the final ruling on whether a \u2018restriction\u2019 is reconcilable with freedom of expression as protected by Article 10.<\/p>\n (iii)\u00a0\u00a0The Court\u2019s task, in exercising its supervisory jurisdiction, is not to take the place of the competent national authorities but rather to review under Article 10 the decisions they delivered pursuant to their power of appreciation. This does not mean that the supervision is limited to ascertaining whether the respondent State exercised its discretion reasonably, carefully and in good faith; what the Court has to do is to look at the interference complained of in the light of the case as a whole and determine whether it was \u2018proportionate to the legitimate aim pursued\u2019 and whether the reasons adduced by the national authorities to justify it are \u2018relevant and sufficient\u2019… In doing so, the Court has to satisfy itself that the national authorities applied standards which were in conformity with the principles embodied in Article\u00a010 and, moreover, that they relied on an acceptable assessment of the relevant facts …\u201d<\/p>\n 42.\u00a0\u00a0The Court reiterates that the press plays an essential role in a democratic society. Although it must not overstep certain bounds, in particular in respect of the reputation and rights of others, its duty is nevertheless to impart \u2013 in a manner consistent with its obligations and responsibilities \u2013 information and ideas on all matters of public interest (see De Haes and Gijsels v. Belgium, 24\u00a0February 1997, \u00a7 37, Reports of Judgments and Decisions 1997\u2011I). Not only does it have the task of imparting such information and ideas, the public also has a right to receive them. Were it otherwise, the press would be unable to play its vital role of \u201cpublic watchdog\u201d (see ThorgeirThorgeirson v. Iceland, 25 June 1992, \u00a7\u00a063, Series\u00a0A no. 239, and BladetTroms\u00f8and Stensaas v. Norway [GC], no.\u00a021980\/93, \u00a7 62, ECHR 1999-III).<\/p>\n 43.\u00a0\u00a0Article 10 protects not only the substance of the ideas and information expressed, but also the form in which they are conveyed (see Oberschlick v. Austria (no. 1), 23 May 1991, \u00a7 57, Series A no. 204). Journalistic freedom also covers possible recourse to a degree of exaggeration, or even provocation (see Prager and Oberschlick v. Austria, 26\u00a0April 1995, \u00a7 38, Series A no. 313).<\/p>\n 44.\u00a0\u00a0In its practice, the Court has distinguished between statements of fact and value judgments. While the existence of facts can be demonstrated, the truth of value judgments is not susceptible of proof. The requirement to prove the truth of a value judgment is impossible to fulfil and infringes freedom of opinion itself, which is a fundamental part of the right secured by Article 10 (see Lingens v. Austria, 8 July 1986, \u00a7 46, Series A no. 103).<\/p>\n 45.\u00a0\u00a0However, even where a statement amounts to a value judgment, the proportionality of an interference may depend on whether there exists a sufficient factual basis for the impugned statement, since even a value judgment without any factual basis to support it may be excessive (see Jerusalem v. Austria, no. 26958\/95, \u00a7 43, ECHR 2001\u2011II).<\/p>\n 2.\u00a0\u00a0Application of the above principles to the present case<\/em><\/p>\n 46.\u00a0\u00a0The Court observes that it was not disputed between the parties that the civil proceedings for defamation against the applicant constituted an interference with his freedom of expression and that this interference was in accordance with the law and pursued the legitimate aim of protecting the plaintiff\u2019s reputation. It remains to be determined whether this interference was \u201cnecessary in a democratic society\u201d.<\/p>\n 47.\u00a0\u00a0In examining the particular circumstances of the case, the Court will take the following elements into account: the position of the applicant, the position of the plaintiffs who instituted the defamation proceedings, and the subject matter of the debate before the domestic courts(see Jerusalem, cited above, \u00a7 35).<\/p>\n 48.\u00a0\u00a0As regards the applicant\u2019s position, the Court observes that he was sued in his capacity as the editor of the newspaper and the author of the article in question. In that connection, it points out that the most careful scrutiny on the part of the Court is called for when, as in the present case, the measures taken or sanctions imposed by the national authority are capable of discouraging the participation of the press in debates over matters of legitimate public concern (see Jersild v. Denmark, 23\u00a0September 1994, \u00a7\u00a035, Series A no.\u00a0298).<\/p>\n 49.\u00a0\u00a0As regards the position of the plaintiff who brought civil proceedings against the applicant, the Court notes that Mr Klimov was a deputy governor of the Bryansk Region. The Court reiterates that the limits of acceptable criticism are wider as regards a politician than as regards a private individual. A politician acting in his public capacity inevitably and knowingly lays himself open to close scrutiny of his every word and deed by both journalists and the public at large (see, among other authorities, Colombani and Others v. France, no. 51279\/99, \u00a7 56, ECHR 2002\u2011V).<\/p>\n 50.\u00a0\u00a0Turning to the subject matter of the debate before the domestic courts, the Court notes that the impugned article discussed compliance with fire safety regulations at a local shopping centre, its temporary closure and the role played by the local authorities in its reopening, which was undoubtedly a matter of general interest to the local community which the applicant was entitled to bring to the public\u2019s attention and which the local population were entitled to receive information about (see, mutatis mutandis, Cump\u01cen\u01ce and Maz\u01cere v. Romania [GC], no. 33348\/96, \u00a7\u00a7 94-95, ECHR 2004\u2011XI). The Court reiterates in this respect that there is little scope under Article 10 \u00a7 2 of the Convention for restrictions on political speech or on debate on questions of public interest (see Feldek v. Slovakia, no.\u00a029032\/95, \u00a7\u00a074, ECHR 2001\u2011VIII). It further reiterates that in order to distinguish between a factual allegation and a value judgment it is necessary to take account of the circumstances of the case and the general tone of the remarks, bearing in mind that assertions about matters of public interest may, on that basis, constitute value judgments rather than statements of fact (see Morice v. France [GC], no. 29369\/10, \u00a7 126, ECHR 2015).<\/p>\n 51.\u00a0\u00a0The Court has held that when examining whether there is a need for an interference with freedom of expression in a democratic society in the interests of the \u201cprotection of the reputation … of others\u201d, it may be required to ascertain whether the domestic authorities have struck a fair balance when protecting two values guaranteed by the Convention which may come into conflict with each other in certain cases, namely on the one hand freedom of expression protected by Article 10, and on the other the right to respect for private life enshrined in Article 8 (see, among many other authorities, Annen v.\u00a0Germany, no. 3690\/10, \u00a7 55, 26 November 2015). The Court emphasises that, in order for Article 8 of the Convention to come into play, an attack on a person\u2019s reputation must attain a certain level of seriousness and its manner must cause prejudice to personal enjoyment of the right to respect for private life (see A. v. Norway, no.\u00a028070\/06, \u00a7 64, 9\u00a0April 2009, and Axel Springer AG v. Germany [GC], no. 39954\/08, \u00a7 83, 7 February 2012). It is not convinced, however, in the circumstances of the present case, that the impugned statements could be considered as an attack reaching the requisite threshold of seriousness and capable of causing prejudice to Mr\u00a0Klimov\u2019s personal enjoyment of private life.<\/p>\n 52.\u00a0\u00a0The Court will further consider the newspaper article as a whole and have particular regard to the words used in its disputed parts, the context in which they were published and the manner in which it was prepared (see S\u00fcrek v. Turkey(no. 1) [GC], no. 26682\/95, \u00a7 62, ECHR 1999-IV, and T\u00f8nsbergsBlad A.S. and Haukom v. Norway, no.\u00a0510\/04, \u00a7 90, ECHR 2007\u2011III).<\/p>\n 53.\u00a0\u00a0The Court observes that the first impugned passage was as follows:<\/p>\n \u201c[T]he finest forces were mustered in support of Timoshkov. The most notorious sages gathered at the table \u2013 deputy governor Mikhail Klimov, the head of the town administration Sergey Smirnov and other officials. They were ordered to rescue their patron Timoshkov, and they didso … The highest officials rushed to defend the interests of businessman Timoshkov.\u201d<\/p>\n 54.\u00a0\u00a0The applicant thereby expressed his opinion regarding the role local officials played in reopening the shopping centre. It was his view that their efforts had been aimed specifically at helping Mr Timoshkov, the owner of the centre. In the Court\u2019s view, the applicant had a sufficient factual basis to support such a value judgment (see Jerusalem v. Austria, cited above, \u00a7 43), given that meetings between Mr Timoshkov and the local authorities were widely covered in the media. In his statement to the press Mr\u00a0Timoshkov also specifically referred to support from local officials (see paragraph\u00a018 above).<\/p>\n 55.\u00a0\u00a0As regards the satirical tone of the impugned passage, the Court reiterates that the use of sarcasm and irony is perfectly compatible with the exercise of a journalist\u2019s freedom of expression (see Smolorz v. Poland, no.\u00a017446\/07, \u00a7 41, 16 October 2012).<\/p>\n 56.\u00a0\u00a0Turning to the second impugned passage, \u201c[T]he corrupt Bryansk officials gave themselves away and did not even understand what had happened\u201d, the Court notes that it does not refer directly to Mr\u00a0Klimov. However, the applicant explicitly named him in the first passage as one of the local officials who, in his view, had been trying to help Mr Timoshkov, while the second passage referred to those officials. The Court therefore accepts that Mr\u00a0Klimov may be consideredas having been affected by the statement in question (seeDyuldin and Kislov v. Russia, no.\u00a025968\/02, \u00a7\u00a043, 31\u00a0July 2007).<\/p>\n 57.\u00a0\u00a0The Court further observes that the applicant expressed his view in the second impugned passage that local officials were acting inappropriately by trying to help Mr Timoshkov. It constitutes a value judgment which is not susceptible of proof.<\/p>\n 58.\u00a0\u00a0The third impugned passage, \u201c[A]nother question needs to be asked in Bryansk: \u2018Who are you with, masters of thievery? Who are you defending?\u2019\u201d, likewise constitutes a value judgment, even assuming that the plaintiff may be considered to have been affected by it. The applicant once again expressed his disapproval of the actions of local officials, choosing the form of a rhetorical question. In that regard, the Court reiterates that Article\u00a010 protects not only the substance of the ideas and information expressed, but also the form in which they are conveyed (see Oberschlick v.\u00a0Austria (no. 1), cited above, \u00a7 57). The Court does not consider that the applicant overstepped the margins of the certain degree of exaggeration or even provocation allowed by journalistic freedom (see Prager and Oberschlick,cited above, \u00a7 38).<\/p>\n 59.\u00a0\u00a0Having regard to the foregoing, the Court concludes that the balancing exercise carried out by the domestic courts did not take sufficiently into account all the standards established in the Court\u2019s case\u2011law under Article 10 of the Convention (compare and contrast Keller v.\u00a0Hungary (dec.), no. 33352\/02, 4 April 2006, and Kwiecie\u0144 v.\u00a0Poland, no.\u00a051744\/99, \u00a7\u00a052, 9\u00a0January 2007).\u00a0The fact that the proceedings were civil rather than criminal in nature and that the final award was relatively small does not detract from the fact that the standards applied by the domestic courts were not compatible with the principles embodied in Article 10 since they did not adduce \u201csufficient\u201d reasons to justify the interference at issue, namely the imposition of a fine on the applicant for publishing the impugned article.<\/p>\n 60.\u00a0\u00a0Therefore, having regard to the fact that there is little scope under Article 10 \u00a7 2 of the Convention for restrictions on debate on questions of public interest (see, among other authorities, S\u00fcrek, cited above, \u00a7 61, and Novaya Gazeta v Voronezhe v. Russia, \u00a7 59), the Court finds that the domestic courts overstepped the narrow margin of appreciation afforded to Member States, and that the interference was disproportionate to the aim pursued and was thus not \u201cnecessary in a democratic society\u201d.<\/p>\n 61.\u00a0\u00a0Accordingly, there has been a violation of Article 10 of the Convention.<\/p>\n II.\u00a0\u00a0APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 41 OF THE CONVENTION<\/p>\n 62.\u00a0\u00a0Article 41 of the Convention provides:<\/p>\n \u201cIf the Court finds that there has been a violation of the Convention or the Protocols thereto, and if the internal law of the High Contracting Party concerned allows only partial reparation to be made, the Court shall, if necessary, afford just satisfaction to the injured party.\u201d<\/p>\n A.\u00a0\u00a0Non-pecuniary damage<\/strong><\/p>\n 63.\u00a0\u00a0The applicant claimed 14,000 euros (EUR) in respect of non\u2011pecuniary damage on account of the breach of his right to freedom of expression.<\/p>\n 64.\u00a0\u00a0The Government argued that the claim was unfounded as, in their view, there had been no violation of the applicant\u2019s rights.<\/p>\n 65.\u00a0\u00a0The Court accepts that the applicant must have suffered distress and frustration resulting from the judicial decisions incompatible with Article 10 which cannot be sufficiently compensated solely by the finding of a violation of the Convention. Making its assessment on an equitable basis, the Court awards the applicant EUR 7,500 under this head, plus any tax that may be chargeable on that amount.<\/p>\n B.\u00a0\u00a0Costs and expenses<\/strong><\/p>\n 66.\u00a0\u00a0The applicant also claimed EUR 1,700 for the costs and expenses incurred before the Court. He enclosed a contract for legal services of 17\u00a0February 2017 which provides for remuneration for his representative of EUR\u00a060 per hour and a declaration of 25 March 2017 attesting to 28 hours and 20 minutes spent by the applicant\u2019s representative on the case.<\/p>\n 67.\u00a0\u00a0The Government submitted that the claim was unsubstantiated as the applicant had not enclosed any receipts to confirm that the payment had been made. In their view, the amount claimed was in any event excessive.<\/p>\n 68.\u00a0\u00a0According to the Court\u2019s case-law, an applicant is entitled to the reimbursement of costs and expenses only in so far as it has been shown that these have been actually and necessarily incurred and are reasonable as to quantum. In the present case, regard being had to the documents in its possession and the above criteria, the Court considers it reasonable to award the amount claimed for the proceedings before the Court.<\/p>\n C.\u00a0\u00a0Default interest<\/strong><\/p>\n 69.\u00a0\u00a0The Court considers it appropriate that the default interest rate should be based on the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank, to which should be added three percentage points.<\/p>\n FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT, UNANIMOUSLY,<\/strong><\/p>\n 1.\u00a0\u00a0Declares the application admissible;<\/p>\n 2.\u00a0\u00a0Holds that there has been a violation of Article 10 of the Convention;<\/p>\n 3.\u00a0\u00a0Holds<\/p>\n (a)\u00a0\u00a0that the respondent State is to pay the applicant, within three months from the date on which the judgment becomes final in accordance with Article\u00a044 \u00a7\u00a02 of the Convention, the following amounts,to be converted into the currency of the respondent State at the rate applicable at the date of settlement:<\/p>\n (i)\u00a0\u00a0EUR 7,500 (seven thousand five hundred euros), plus any tax that may be chargeable, in respect of non-pecuniary damage;<\/p>\n (ii)\u00a0\u00a0EUR 1,700 (one thousand seven hundred euros), plus any tax that may be chargeable to the applicant, in respect of costs and expenses;<\/p>\n (b)\u00a0\u00a0that from the expiry of the above-mentioned three months until settlement simple interest shall be payable on the above amounts at a rate equal to the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank during the default period plus three percentage points;<\/p>\n 4.\u00a0\u00a0Dismisses the remainder of the applicant\u2019s claim for just satisfaction.<\/p>\n Done in English, and notified in writing on 2 October 2018, pursuant to Rule\u00a077\u00a0\u00a7\u00a7\u00a02 and 3 of the Rules of Court.<\/p>\n Stephen Phillips\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Vincent A. De Gaetano _____________<\/p>\n [1].\u00a0\u00a0The headline is an allusion to Alexander Pushkin\u2019s The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish where an old man catches a magical golden fish that can grant three wishes. He takes the fish to his wife. She becomes greedier with each wish and says on the third one that, \u201cThe goldfish I want for my servant to do my commands and my errands.\u201d<\/p>\n
\nBrankoLubarda,
\nHelen Keller,
\nDmitry Dedov,
\nPere Pastor Vilanova,
\nGeorgios A. Serghides,
\nJolienSchukking, judges,
\nand Stephen Phillips, Section Registrar,<\/p>\n
\nRegistrar\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 President<\/p>\n