{"id":7855,"date":"2019-08-10T17:38:21","date_gmt":"2019-08-10T17:38:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/laweuro.com\/?p=7855"},"modified":"2021-09-22T07:25:52","modified_gmt":"2021-09-22T07:25:52","slug":"5-protected-grounds","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/laweuro.com\/?p=7855","title":{"rendered":"5. Protected grounds \u2013 Handbook on European non-discrimination law"},"content":{"rendered":"

Handbook on European non-discrimination law \u2013 Contents<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
EU<\/td>\nIssues covered<\/td>\nCoE<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
TFEU, Art. 8 and Art. 157<\/td>\nSex<\/td>\nECHR, Art. 2 (right to life), Art. 3 (prohibition of torture), Art. 14 (prohibition of discrimination)<\/p>\n

ECtHR, Emel Boyraz v. Turkey, No. 61960\/08, 2014<\/p>\n

ECtHR, Konstantin Markin v. Russia [GC], 30078\/06, 2012<\/p>\n

ECtHR, Andrle v. the Czech Republic, No. 6268\/08, 2011<\/p>\n

ECtHR, \u00dcnal Tekeli v. Turkey, No. 29865\/96, 2004<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Charter of Fundamental Rights,<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Art. 21 and 23<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gender Equality Directive (recast)<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
(2006\/54\/EC)<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gender Goods and Services<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Directive (2004\/113\/EC)<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
CJEU, C-222\/14, Ma\u00efstrellis v.<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ypourgos Dikaiosynis, Diafaneias<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
kai Anthropinon Dikaiomaton, 2015<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
CJEU, C-363\/12, Z. v. A Government<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
department and The Board of<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Management of a Community<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
School [GC], 2014<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
CJEU, C-167\/12, C. D. v. S. T. [GC],<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2014<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
CJEU, C-427\/11, Kenny v. Minister<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
for Justice, Equality and Law<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Reform, Minister for Finance<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
and Commissioner of An Garda<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
S\u00edoch\u00e1na, 2013<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
CJEU, C-243\/95, Hill and Stapleton<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
v. The Revenue Commissioners and<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Department of Finance, 1998<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
CJEU, C-43\/75, Defrenne v. Sabena,<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1976<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Gender Goods and Services Directive (2004\/113\/EC), Art. 4 (1)<\/p>\n

CJEU, C-423\/04, Richards v. Secretary of State for Work and Pensions, 27 April 2006<\/p>\n

CJEU, C-117\/01, K.B. v. NHS Pensions<\/p>\n

Agency et Secretary of State for<\/p>\n

Health, 7 January 2004<\/td>\n

Gender identity<\/td>\nECHR, Art. 8 (right to respect for private and family life) and Art. 14 (prohibition of discrimination)<\/p>\n

ECtHR, Y.Y. v. Turkey, 14793\/08, 2015<\/p>\n

ECtHR, H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen v. Finland<\/p>\n

[GC], No. 37359\/09, 2014<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

<\/td>\n<\/td>\nECtHR, Van K\u00fcck v. Germany,<\/p>\n

No. 35968\/97, 2003<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Charter of Fundamental Rights,<\/td>\nSexual<\/td>\nECHR Art. 5, Art. 8 (right to respect for private and<\/p>\n

family life), Art. 12 (right to marry), Art. 14 (prohibition of discrimination)<\/p>\n

ECtHR, Taddeucci and McCall v. Italy, No. 51362\/09, 2016<\/p>\n

ECtHR, O.M. v. Hungary, No. 9912\/15, 2016<\/p>\n

ECtHR, E.B. and Others v. Austria, Nos. 31913\/07, 38357\/07, 48098\/07, 48777\/07 and 48779\/07, 2013<\/p>\n

ECtHR, Schalk and Kopf v. Austria, No. 30141\/04, 2010<\/p>\n

ECtHR, E.B. v. France [GC], No. 43546\/02, 2008<\/p>\n

ECtHR, S.L. v. Austria, No. 45330\/99, 2003<\/p>\n

ECtHR, Karner v. Austria, No. 40016\/98, 2003<\/p>\n

ECSR, INTERIGHTS v. Croatia,<\/p>\n

No. 45\/2007, 2009<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Art. 21<\/td>\norientation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Employment Equality Directive<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
(2000\/78\/EC)<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
CJEU, C-528\/13, L\u00e9ger v. Ministre<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
des Affaires sociales, de la Sant\u00e9<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
et des Droits des femmes and<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Etablissement fran\u00e7ais du sang,<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2015<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
CJEU, Joined cases C-148\/13<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
to C-150\/13, A and Others v.<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Staatssecretaris van Veiligheid en<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Justitie [GC], 2014<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
CJEU, Joined cases C-199\/12,<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
C-200\/12, C-201\/12, X and Y, and<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Z v. Minister voor Imigratie en<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Asiel, 2013<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
CJEU, C-81\/12, Asocia\u0163ia Accept<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
v. Consiliul Na\u0163ional pentru<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Combaterea Discrimin\u0103rii, 2013<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities<\/a> (CRPD)<\/p>\n

Employment Equality Directive (2000\/78\/EC)<\/p>\n

CJEU, C-363\/12, Z. v. A Government<\/p>\n

department and The Board of<\/td>\n

Disability<\/td>\nECHR, Art. 8 (right to respect for private and family<\/p>\n

life), Art. 14 (prohibition of discrimination)<\/p>\n

ESC, Art. E<\/p>\n

ECtHR, Guberina v. Croatia,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Management of a Community School [GC], 2014<\/p>\n

CJEU, C-354\/13, FOA v. KL, 2014<\/td>\n

<\/td>\nNo. 23682\/13, 2016<\/p>\n

ECtHR, Glor v. Switzerland, No. 13444\/04, 2009<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

CJEU, Joined cases C-335\/11 and<\/td>\n<\/td>\nECtHR, Pretty v. the United<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
C-337\/11, HK Danmark, 2013<\/td>\n<\/td>\nKingdom, No. 2346\/02, 2002<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\n<\/td>\nECtHR, Price v. the United<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\n<\/td>\nKingdom, No. 33394\/96, 2001<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\n<\/td>\nECSR, AEH v. France, Complaint<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\n<\/td>\nNo. 81\/2012, 2013<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Charter of Fundamental Rights,<\/p>\n

Art. 21<\/td>\n

Age<\/td>\nECHR, Art. 5 (right to liberty and security), Art. 6 (right to fair trial) and Art. 8 (right to respect for private and family life)<\/p>\n

ESC, Art. 1 (2), Art. 23 and<\/p>\n

Art. 24<\/p>\n

ECtHR, D.G. v. Ireland, No. 39474\/98, 2002<\/p>\n

ECtHR, Schwizgebel v. Switzerland, No. 25762\/07, 2010<\/p>\n

ECtHR, V.v. the United Kingdom<\/p>\n

[GC], No. 24888\/94, 1999<\/p>\n

ECtHR, T. v. the United Kingdom [GC], No. 24724\/94, 1999<\/p>\n

ECtHR, Bouamar v. Belgium, No. 9106\/80, 1988<\/p>\n

ECSR, Fellesforbundet for Sj\u00f8folk (FFFS) v. Norway,<\/p>\n

Complaint No. 74\/2011, 2013<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Employment Equality Directive<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
(2000\/78\/EC)<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
CJEU, C-548\/15, de Lange v.<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Staatssecretaris van Financi\u00ebn,<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2016<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
CJEU, C-441\/14, DI, acting on behalf<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
of Ajos A\/S v. Estate of Karsten<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Eigil Rasmussen [GC], C-441\/14,<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2016<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
CJEU, C-258\/15, Salaberria Sorondo<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
v. Academia Vasca de Polic\u00eda<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
y Emergencias [GC], 2016<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
CJEU, Joined cases C-501\/12 and<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
others, Specht v. Land Berlin and<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Bundesrepublik Deutschland, 2014<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
CJEU, C-416\/13, Vital P\u00e9rez v.<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ayuntamiento de Oviedo, 2014<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
CJEU, C-144\/04, Mangold v. Helm<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[GC], 2005<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Racial Equality Directive (2000\/43\/EC)<\/p>\n

Council\u2019s Framework Decision on combating racism and xenophobia<\/p>\n

CJEU, C-83\/14, \u201cCHEZ Razpredelenie Bulgaria\u201d AD v. Komisia za zashtita ot diskriminatsia [GC], 2015<\/p>\n

CJEU, C-54\/07, Centrum voor gelijkheid van kansen en voor racismebestrijding v. Firma Feryn NV, 2008<\/td>\n

Race, ethnicity, colour and membership of a national<\/p>\n

minority<\/td>\n

ECHR, Art. 14 (prohibition of discrimination), Protocol No. 12, Art. 1 (General<\/p>\n

prohibition\u00a0 of discrimination)<\/p>\n

ECtHR, Boac\u0103 and Others v. Romania, No. 40355\/11, 2016<\/p>\n

ECtHR, Biao v. Denmark [GC], 38590\/10, 2016<\/p>\n

ECtHR, Sejdi\u0107 and Finci v. Bosnia and Herzegovina [GC], Nos. 27996\/06 and 34836\/06, 2009<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

<\/td>\n<\/td>\nECSR, ERRC v. Ireland,<\/p>\n

No. 100\/2013, 2015<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

TFEU, Art. 18<\/p>\n

Charter of Fundamental Rights,<\/td>\n

Nationality or national origin<\/td>\nCouncil of Europe\u2019s Convention on Nationality<\/p>\n

ECHR, Art. 3 (prohibition of torture), Art. 5 (right to liberty and security), Art. 8 (right to respect for private and family life), Protocol No. 4, Art. 3,<\/p>\n

Protocol No. 1, Art. 2<\/p>\n

ECtHR, Dhahbi v. Italy, No. 17120\/09, 2014<\/p>\n

ECtHR, Rangelov v. Germany, No. 5123\/07, 2012<\/p>\n

ECtHR, Ponomaryovi v. Bulgaria, No. 5335\/05, 2011<\/p>\n

ECtHR, Andrejeva v. Latvia<\/p>\n

[GC], No. 55707\/00, 2009<\/p>\n

ECtHR, Ze\u00efbek v. Greece, No. 46368\/06, 2009<\/p>\n

ECtHR, Anakomba Yula v. Belgium, No. 45413\/07, 2009<\/p>\n

ECtHR, Koua Poirrez v. France, No. 40892\/98, 2003<\/p>\n

ECtHR, C. v. Belgium, No. 21794\/93, 1996<\/p>\n

ECtHR, Moustaquim v. Belgium,<\/p>\n

No. 12313\/86, 1991<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Art. 45<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Citizenship Directive 2004\/38\/EC<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Council Directive concerning the<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
status of third-country nationals<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
who are long-term residents<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
(2003\/109\/EC)<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
CJEU, C-392\/15, European<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Commission v. Hungary, 2017<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
CJEU, C-165\/14, Alfredo Rend\u00f3n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Mar\u00edn v. Administraci\u00f3n del Estado<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[GC], 2016<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
CJEU, C-571\/10, Kamberaj v. IPES<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[GC], 2012<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
CJEU, C-508\/10, European<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Commission v. the Netherlands,<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2012<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
CJEU, C-200\/02, Chen v. Secretary<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
of State for the Home Department,<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2004<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
CJEU, C-281\/98, Angonese v. Cassa<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
di Risparmio di Bolzano SpA, 2000<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
CJEU, Case 186\/87, Cowan v. Tr\u00e9sor<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
public, 1989<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n
Charter of Fundamental Rights, Art. 10 and 21<\/p>\n

CJEU, C-188\/15, Bougnaoui and ADDH v. Micropole SA [GC], 2017<\/p>\n

CJEU, C-157\/15, Achbita and Centrum voor gelijkheid van kansen en voor racismebestrijding<\/p>\n

v. G4S Secure Solutions NV [GC], 2017<\/td>\n

Religion or belief<\/td>\nECHR, Art. 3 (prohibition of torture), Art. 8 (right to respect for private and family life),<\/p>\n

Art. 9 (freedom of religion), Art. 10 (right to respect for private and family life), Protocol No. 1, Art. 2 (right to education)<\/p>\n

ECtHR, \u0130zzettin Do\u011fan and Others v. Turkey [GC],<\/p>\n

No. 62649\/10, 2016<\/p>\n

ECtHR, Ebrahimian v. France, No. 64846\/11, 2015<\/p>\n

ECtHR, S.A.S. v. France [GC], No. 43835\/11, 2014<\/p>\n

ECtHR, Eweida and Others<\/p>\n

v. the United Kingdom, Nos. 48420\/10, 59842\/10,<\/p>\n

51671\/10 and 36516\/10, 2013<\/p>\n

ECtHR, Vojnity v. Hungary, No. 29617\/07, 2013<\/p>\n

ECtHR, Milanovi\u0107 v. Serbia, No. 44614\/07, 2010<\/p>\n

ECtHR, O\u2019Donoghue and Others v. the United Kingdom, No. 34848\/07, 2010<\/p>\n

ECtHR, Alujer Fernandez and Caballero Garc\u00eda v. Spain (dec.), No. 53072\/99, 2001<\/p>\n

ECtHR, Cha\u2019are Shalom Ve Tsedek v. France [GC],<\/p>\n

No. 27417\/95, 2000<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Racial Equality Directive (2000\/43\/EC)<\/p>\n

CJEU, C-317\/14, European Commission v. Belgium, 2015<\/td>\n

Language<\/td>\nCouncil of Europe Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities<\/p>\n

ECHR, Art. 6 (3) and Art. 14 (prohibition of discrimination)<\/p>\n

ECtHR, Macalin Moxamed Sed Dahir v. Switzerland (dec.), No. 12209\/10, 2015<\/p>\n

ECtHR, Case \u2018relating to certain aspects of the laws on the<\/p>\n

use of languages in education in Belgium\u2019 v. Belgium,<\/p>\n

No. 1474\/62 and others, 1968<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n\n
Charter of Fundamental Rights, Art. 21<\/p>\n

CJEU, C-149\/10, Chatzi v. Ypourgos Oikonomikon, 2010<\/td>\n

Social origin, birth and property<\/td>\nECHR, Art. 14 (prohibition of discrimination), Protocol No. 1, Art. 1 (Protection of property)<\/p>\n

ECtHR, Wolter and Sarfert v. Germany, Nos. 59752\/13 and 66277\/13, 2017<\/p>\n

ECtHR, Chassagnou and Others.<\/p>\n

v. France [GC], No. 25088\/94<\/p>\n

and others, 1999<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Charter of Fundamental Rights, Art. 21<\/td>\nPolitical or other opinion<\/td>\nECHR, Art. 3 (prohibition of torture), Art. 10 (right to<\/p>\n

respect for private and family life), Art. 11 (freedom of assembly and association), Art. 14 (prohibition of discrimination)<\/p>\n

ECtHR, Redfearn v. the United Kingdom, No. 47335\/06, 2012<\/p>\n

ECtHR, Virabyan v. Armenia,<\/p>\n

No. 40094\/05, 2012<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

CJEU, C-406\/15, Milkova<\/p>\n

v. Izpalnitelen direktor na Agentsiata za privatizatsia<\/p>\n

i sledprivatizatsionen kontrol, 2017<\/td>\n

Other status<\/td>\nECHR, Art. 14 (prohibition of discrimination)<\/p>\n

ESC, Art. E<\/p>\n

ECSR, Associazione Nazionale Giudici di Pace v. Italy, Complaint No. 102\/2013, 2016<\/p>\n

ECtHR, Varnas v. Lithuania,<\/p>\n

No. 42615\/06, 2013<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Key points<\/p>\n