THIRD SECTION
\nCASE OF MATVEYEV v. RUSSIA
\n(Application no. 44135\/08)<\/p>\n
JUDGMENT
\nSTRASBOURG
\n3 April 2018<\/p>\n
This judgment is final but it may be subject to editorial revision.<\/p>\n
In the case of Matveyev v. Russia,<\/strong><\/p>\n The European Court of Human Rights (Third Section), sitting as a Committee composed of:<\/p>\n Helen Keller, President, Having deliberated in private on 13 March 2018,<\/p>\n Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date:<\/p>\n PROCEDURE<\/strong><\/p>\n 1.\u00a0\u00a0The case originated in an application (no.\u00a044135\/08) against the Russian Federation lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (\u201cthe Convention\u201d) by a Russian national, Mr Denis ViktorovichMatveyev (\u201cthe applicant\u201d), on 31 July 2008.<\/p>\n 2.\u00a0\u00a0The applicant was represented by Mr M.M. Golichenko, a lawyer practising in Balashikha, the Moscow Region. The Russian Government (\u201cthe Government\u201d) were represented initially by Mr G. Matyushkin, the Representative of the Russian Federation to the European Court of Human Rights, and then by his successor in that office, Mr M. Galperin.<\/p>\n 3.\u00a0\u00a0On 24 March 2014 the applicant\u2019s complaints concerning his arrest and prosecution for holding a public event and supervisory-review proceedings in 2008 were communicated to the Government and the remainder of the application was declared inadmissiblepursuant to Rule 54 \u00a7\u00a03 of the Rules of Court.<\/p>\n THE FACTS<\/strong><\/p>\n I.\u00a0\u00a0THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE<\/p>\n 4.\u00a0\u00a0The applicant was born in 1977 and lived in NaberezhniyeChelny, Tatarstan Republic, before his convictionof an unrelated criminal offence.<\/p>\n 5.\u00a0\u00a0On 7 April 2008 the applicant notified the executive committee of NaberezhniyeChelny of his intention to hold a public event in the form of a hunger strike in front of the local prosecutor\u2019s office beginning from 21\u00a0April 2008. On the same day the applicant was informed that his notice did not comply with the requirements of the law.<\/p>\n 6.\u00a0\u00a0On 16 April 2008 the applicant lodged an addendum to his notice in which he indicated the place, the timing and the goal of the planned event as well as the information about its organiser. He also asked to ensure the protection of a tent (to be positioned near the prosecutor\u2019s office) from 9\u00a0p.m. to 9 a.m. daily and the twenty-four-hour presence of an ambulance at the venue of the event.<\/p>\n 7.\u00a0\u00a0On 17 April 2008 the head of the public relations department of the local executive committee informed the applicant that his planned public event amounted to a \u201cpicket\u201d within the meaning of the Public Events Act (hereinafter \u201cPEA\u201d). In breach of the PEA the notice about the event did not contain information about the number of participants or arrangements to be made for preventing disorder and providingmedical aid during the event. The applicant was required to align his notice with the PEA in that connection but, according to the Government, he failed to do so.<\/p>\n 8.\u00a0\u00a0According to the applicant, on 22 April 2008 he started to hold a solo demonstration at noon and continued it until 4 p.m., when he was arrested by the police.<\/p>\n 9.\u00a0\u00a0According to the Government, on 22 April 2008 at 3.15 p.m. the applicant set up on the lawn in front of theprosecutor\u2019s office a tent and a poster reading \u201cHunger strike. Call for signatures\u201d. He gathered passers-by and voiced his claims to them.\u00a0At 3.40 p.m. a police officer drew up a record ofan administrative offence allegedly committed by the applicant. He was accused of the breach of the procedure for the organisation of public events, an offence under Article 20.2 \u00a7 1 of the Code of Administrative Offences (hereinafter \u201cCAO\u201d). The case file was then submitted to a justice of the peace, who adjourned the hearing so that the applicant could retain a counsel. It is unclear whether the applicant was arrested by the police or otherwise deprived of his liberty at any moment prior to appearing before the justice of the peace.<\/p>\n 10.\u00a0\u00a0At 8 p.m. on the same day the applicant returned to the site near the prosecutor\u2019s office and resumed his demonstration. The police ordered him to terminate thisallegedly unlawful public event, but he refused. They compiled an administrativeoffence record, stating that the applicant had committed an offence under Article 19.3 \u00a7 1 of the CAO; they also compiled an administrativearrest record (\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f). The applicant was then taken to the central police station of NaberezhniyeChelny where he was detained until 24 April 2008 in the afternoon.<\/p>\n 11.\u00a0\u00a0On 24 April 2008 the justice of the peace of the 8th Court Circuit of NaberezhniyeChelnyfound the applicant guilty under Article 20.2 \u00a7 1 of the CAO and imposed a fine of 1,000 Russian roubles ((RUB), equivalent to 27\u00a0euros (EUR) at the time). The court noted that the applicant had intended to hold a non-stop hunger-strike making use of postersfor an indefinite period of time; on 22 April 2008 he had held an unlawful picket by way of setting up a tent anda poster reading \u201cHunger strike. Call for signatures\u201d as well as by gathering passers-by and \u201ccampaigning\u201d among them.In breach of the PEA hehad failed to specify his arrangements for preventing disorder or providing medical aid during the event. Moreover, the applicant had intended to hold a twenty-four-hour picket in breach of the PEA\u2019s ban on public events between 11 p.m.and 7 a.m. The court concluded that the applicant breached the procedure for the organisation of his public event.<\/p>\n 12.\u00a0\u00a0The applicant appealed to the NaberezhniyeChelny Town Court. By a decision of 7 May 2008 the Town Court upheld the judgment of the justice of the peace.<\/p>\n 13.\u00a0\u00a0In separate proceedings, on 7 May 2008 the justice of the peace of the 1st Court Circuit of NaberezhniyeChelnyfound the applicant guilty under Article 19.3 \u00a7 1 of the CAO. The justice of the peace found it established, on the basis of testimony of two eyewitnesses and police officers, thatat 8 p.m. on 22 April 2008 the applicant being aware of the administrative offence proceedings pending against him under Article\u00a020.2 of the CAO,had neverthelessdisobeyed the lawful police order to stop the picket being held in breach of the PEA. The court sentenced him to seven days of administrative detention. The applicant\u2019s detention from 9\u00a0p.m. on 22\u00a0April to 3.35 p.m. on 24 April 2008 counted towards his sentence of administrative detention.<\/p>\n 14.\u00a0\u00a0The applicant appealed against the judgment to the NaberezhniyeChelny Town Court. On 8 May 2008 the Town Court upheld the judgment in a summary manner.<\/p>\n 15.\u00a0\u00a0On 3 June 2008 the applicant lodged a supervisory-review appeal against the judgment of 7 May 2008. On 8 July 2008 the Deputy President of the Supreme Court of the Tatarstan Republic dismissed it, fully endorsing the findings of the lower courts.<\/p>\n II.\u00a0\u00a0RELEVANT DOMESTIC LAW AND PRACTICE<\/p>\n 16.\u00a0\u00a0For a summary of domestic law and practice concerning regulations relating to public events, see Novikova and Others v. Russia, nos. 25501\/07 and 4 others, \u00a7\u00a7 47-85, 26 April 2016.<\/p>\n THE LAW<\/strong><\/p>\n I.\u00a0\u00a0ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLES10 AND 11 OF THE CONVENTION<\/p>\n 17.\u00a0\u00a0The applicant complained that his arrest and conviction in the administrative offence proceedings for holding a solo demonstration constituted a violation of Articles 10 and 11 of the Convention.<\/p>\n 18.\u00a0\u00a0The Court notes that the thrust of the applicant\u2019s grievances concerns the allegedly unlawful actions on the part of the authorities in response to his solo demonstration rather than any peaceful assembly with others. The Court thus finds it appropriate to examine this case under Article 10 of the Convention, taking into account, where appropriate, the general principles it has established in the context of Article 11 (see, for similar reasoning, Novikova and Others, cited above,\u00a7 91, 26 April 2016).<\/p>\n 19.\u00a0\u00a0Article 10 of the Convention in relevant parts reads as follows:<\/p>\n \u201c1.\u00a0\u00a0Everyone has the right to freedom of expression. This right shall include freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart information and ideas without interference by public authority …<\/p>\n 2.\u00a0\u00a0The exercise of these freedoms, since it carries with it duties and responsibilities, may be subject to such formalities, conditions, restrictions or penalties as are prescribed by law and are necessary in a democratic society, in the interests of national security, territorial integrity or public safety, for the prevention of disorder or crime …\u201d<\/p>\n A.\u00a0\u00a0Admissibility<\/strong><\/p>\n 20.\u00a0\u00a0The Court notes that this complaint is not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 \u00a7 3 (a) of the Convention. It further notes that it is not inadmissible on any other grounds. It must therefore be declared admissible.<\/p>\n B.\u00a0\u00a0Merits<\/strong><\/p>\n 1.\u00a0\u00a0The parties\u2019 submissions<\/em><\/p>\n 21.\u00a0\u00a0The applicant submitted that the PEA did not require prior notification of a solo demonstration. He insisted that he had not intended to stage a twenty-four-hour picket and that he had complied with the requirements of the PEA in respect of the allowed time for holding a public event.<\/p>\n 22.\u00a0\u00a0The Government reiterated their general observations as regards the notification procedure under the PEA, already presented in Novikova and Others(cited above, \u00a7\u00a7 95-96). They also submitted thatthe applicant had held a public event in the form of a group static demonstration (a \u201cpicket\u201d), namely, he had had a poster reading \u201cHunger strike. Call for signatures\u201d, had gathered passers-by and had carried out \u201ccampaigning\u201d.In breach of the PEA he had not complied with the notification procedure for this event, and the police had compiled an administrative offence record in his respect. While the administrative proceedings against him were still pending, in the evening of that day the applicant had resumed his unlawful picket and had refused to stop it. Hehad then been taken to the police station for the purpose of drawing up an administrativeoffence record, and kept there for almost two days in view of a possible sentence of administrative detention. The actual period of pre-trial detention had not exceeded the forty\u2011eight\u2011hour time-limit authorised under the CAO. The courts had then convicted him under Article 20.2 \u00a7 1 and Article 19.3 \u00a7 1 of the CAO for two administrative offences. The Government considered that the sentences imposed on the applicant had been reasonable. The court in the second case had taken into account that during the same year the applicant, who was unemployed and a heroin addict, had been prosecuted for a refusal to obey a lawful police order. The Government concluded that the interference with his rights under Articles 10 and 11 of the Convention had thus been \u201cnecessary in a democratic society\u201d.<\/p>\n 2.\u00a0\u00a0The Court\u2019s assessment<\/em><\/p>\n 23.\u00a0\u00a0It is common ground between the parties that thetermination of the applicant\u2019s picket, his being taken to the police station, retention there for one day and 18 hoursand his prosecution for administrative offences constituted an interference with his right to freedom of expression. The impugned measures entail a violation of Article\u00a010 of the Convention unless they were prescribed by law, pursued at least one of the legitimate aims mentioned in Article 10 \u00a7 2 and were necessary in a democratic society.<\/p>\n 24.\u00a0\u00a0The Court considers that the present case is similar to Novikova and Others (cited above) and refers to its findings made in that judgment (\u00a7\u00a7\u00a0112-48) as regards the matters pertaining to the legality of the interference and thepursuance of a legitimate aim, while focusing in the present case on whether the \u201cinterference\u201d as defined in paragraph 23 above was \u201cnecessary in a democratic society\u201d.<\/p>\n 25.\u00a0\u00a0First of all, as submitted by the Government, the applicant\u2019s picket in the afternoon on 22 April 2008 lasted only twenty-five minutes (see paragraph 9 above) and was swiftly terminated, the main reason beingthe unlawfulness of the public event arising from the absence of a prior notificationto the competent authority. The Court reiterates that the authorities should show a degree of tolerance towards a peaceful, albeit unlawful, assemblywhich creates only minimal or no disruption of ordinary life (see Lashmankin and Others v. Russia, nos. 57818\/09 and 14 others, \u00a7\u00a0461, 7 February 2017, and the cases cited therein). Given that in the present case the domestic authorities had failed to establish the number of people involved by the applicant in his \u201ccampaigning\u201d, the Court cannot conclude whether his public event \u201cdisrupted ordinary life\u201d, and if so, what the degree of disruption was. It notes, however, that having been informed of the police\u2019s position on the unlawful nature of the event and having been ordered to stop it the applicant complied or was ready to comply with the police order. Even assuming that the police did haveprima facie reasons for assessing the event as an \u201cassembly\u201d, the authorities should have shown a degree of tolerance, for instance by allowing the applicant to complete his picket and imposing, if appropriate, a reasonable fine on the spot or later on (see Novikova and Others, cited above, \u00a7\u00a7 161-75, and, by contrast, Nosov and Others v. Russia, nos. 9117\/04 and 10441\/04, \u00a7 59, 20 February 2014, where the domestic authorities showed tolerance towards the unlawful applicants\u2019 demonstration lasting for more than two months by not dispersing it).<\/p>\n 26.\u00a0\u00a0It is noted that the applicant returned from the court premises to the event venue and resumed his demonstration in the evening of the same day before being taken to the police station. The Court reiterates that the authorities may have legitimate reasons to apply such a measure in order to put an end to someone\u2019s prima facie unlawful conduct where he or she has refused to comply with a lawful order to cease such conduct, or on other grounds, listed, for example, in Article 5 \u00a7 1 of the Convention (see Novikova and Others, cited above, \u00a7\u00a0177). While there is no allegation or proof of any calls for violence or actual violent behaviour on the part of the applicant, it is clear that he refused to cease his prima facie unlawful demonstration thus prompting the police to consider that no measure other than taking him to the police station would stop it. Be that as it may, the Court is not convinced that the applicant\u2019s ensuing retention atthe police station for one day and eighteen hours was justified by a \u201cpressing social need\u201d. Once the administrativeoffence record had been compiled at the police station, the objective of taking the applicant there was met. However, instead of being released, the applicant was formally remanded in custody to \u201csecure his attendance\u201d at the hearing before the Justice of the Peace on 24\u00a0April 2008. That hearing, however, concerned a separate administrative offence arising from the events earlier on 22 April 2008. The domestic authorities advanced no convincing reasonfor continuing to keep the applicant at the police station (see, mutatis mutandis, Frumkin v. Russia, no.\u00a074568\/12, \u00a7\u00a0140, ECHR\u00a02016 (extracts)).<\/p>\n 27.\u00a0\u00a0Furthermore, the Court notes that the applicant was convicted of two intertwinedadministrative offences relating to the manner in which hehad been protesting.His conduct wasclassified as a group public event held without prior notification to the competent authority. The Court reiterates in this connection its findings made in Novikova and Others(cited above, \u00a7\u00a7\u00a0204-08) that a solo demonstration as a particular form of expression may attract attention from passers-by. The mere presence of two or more people in the same place at the same time is not sufficient for classifying the situation as an \u201cassembly\u201d, as it is understood under Article 11 of the Convention, with a view to connecting the holding of this assembly to the observance of the domestic requirement of prior notification for group events. In the present case the domestic courts adopted a formalistic approach in finding that the applicant had held a group \u201cpicket\u201d. While the applicant\u2019s exact behaviour was of relevance, in view of the insufficient domestic assessment and bearing in mind the presumption of innocence, the Court is inclined to accept that the applicant\u2019s behaviour did not go beyond that of a solo demonstrator delivering a message that happened to receive some interest from passers-by. In any event, it is difficult for the Court to conceive that such an event could have generated a significant gathering warranting specific measures from the authorities, namely relating to prevention of disorder or provision of first medical aid.<\/p>\n 28.\u00a0\u00a0Nor is there anything to suggest that the applicant ab initio conceived his event as an \u201cassembly\u201d and his own conduct as organisation of a group event and thus should have complied with the notification requirement. With due regard to the presumption of innocence, where the authorities suspect intentional actions aimed at evading the notification requirement, they should bear the burden of proving the relevant factual and legal elements. This was not done in the present case. Namely, the domestic decisions contain no actualassessment, with reference to appropriate evidence, as regards the alleged \u201cgathering of passers-by\u201d or the applicant\u2019s \u201ccampaigning\u201d.<\/p>\n 29.\u00a0\u00a0Lastly, the Court observes that the trial judgment of 24 April 2008 also referred to the violation of the PEA\u2019s ban on public events between 11\u00a0p.m. and 7 a.m. However, neither the PEA nor the domestic administrative or judicial practice, including the court decisions in respect of the applicant, specified any legitimate aim that might be pursued, in a proportionate manner, by punishing the applicant, inter alia, for (eventually) continuing his public event (as it was designed by him) during night time. Nothing in the present case suggests that the applicant in fact violated that provision, for instance, that he would or actually did behave in a loud manner, thereby impinging upon the \u201crights of others\u201d within the meaning of Article 10 \u00a7 2 of the Convention.<\/p>\n 30.\u00a0\u00a0In view of the above considerations, the domestic decisions do not contain sufficient reasons to justifythe sentences, in particular as regards the seven-day administrative detention,in the context of the applicant\u2019s exercise of his freedom of expression (see, mutatis mutandis, Annenkov and Others v.\u00a0Russia, no. 31475\/10, \u00a7 133, 25 July 2017, and Navalnyy and Yashinv.\u00a0Russia, no. 76204\/11, \u00a7\u00a7 70-72, 4\u00a0December 2014).<\/p>\n 31.\u00a0\u00a0The foregoing considerations relating to the termination of the applicant\u2019s event in the afternoon on 22 April 2008, his continued retention at the police station after that date until 24 April 2008 and his detention following the conviction in the second case, taken cumulatively,are sufficient for the Court to conclude that there has been a violation of Article\u00a010 of the Convention.<\/p>\n II.\u00a0\u00a0OTHERALLEGED VIOLATIONS OF THE CONVENTION<\/p>\n 32.\u00a0\u00a0In the light of all the material in its possession, and in so far as the matters complained of are within its competence and the scope of the present case, the Court finds that the applicant\u2019s remaining complaints do not disclose any appearance of a violation of the rights and freedoms set out in the Convention or its Protocols. Accordingly, this part of the application is manifestly ill-founded and must be rejected in accordance with Article\u00a035 \u00a7\u00a7\u00a03 (a) and 4 of the Convention.<\/p>\n III.\u00a0\u00a0APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 41 OF THE CONVENTION<\/p>\n 33.\u00a0\u00a0Article 41 of the Convention provides:<\/p>\n \u201cIf the Court finds that there has been a violation of the Convention or the Protocols thereto, and if the internal law of the High Contracting Party concerned allows only partial reparation to be made, the Court shall, if necessary, afford just satisfaction to the injured party.\u201d<\/p>\n A.\u00a0\u00a0Damage<\/strong><\/p>\n 34.\u00a0\u00a0The applicant claimed340,000 euros(EUR) in respect of non\u2011pecuniary damage and 1,650 Russian roubles(RUB) in respect of pecuniary damage representing the fine he had paid (RUB 1,000) and the amount allegedly stolen from the applicant while in administrative detention (RUB 650).<\/p>\n 35.\u00a0\u00a0The Government contested the claims for non-pecuniary damage as excessive. As regards the claim for pecuniary damage, they submitted that the fine had been lawfully imposed on the applicant for an administrative offence. As for the stolen amount, the Government contended that there was no evidence in the case file supporting these allegations.<\/p>\n 36.\u00a0\u00a0The Court considers that there is a direct causal link between the violation of Article 10 of the Convention found and the fine the applicant had paid following his conviction for the administrative offence (seeLashmankin and Others, \u00a7 515, and Novikova and Others, \u00a7 232, both cited above). The Court therefore awards the applicant EUR 15 in respect of pecuniary damage, plus any tax that may be chargeable. Furthermore, the Court dismisses the remainder of the claim for pecuniary damage as unsubstantiated because the alleged theft of money from the applicant is not supported by any evidence.<\/p>\n 37.\u00a0\u00a0The Court observes that it has found a violation of Article 10 of the Convention in respect of the applicant. Making its assessment on an equitable basis, it awards the applicant EUR 10,000 in respect of non\u2011pecuniary damage, plus any tax that may be chargeable.<\/p>\n B.\u00a0\u00a0Costs and expenses<\/strong><\/p>\n 38.\u00a0\u00a0The applicant also claimed EUR 3,000 for the costs and expenses incurred before the domestic courts.<\/p>\n 39.\u00a0\u00a0The Government submitted that the applicant failed to provide any evidence confirming that those expenses had been actually incurred.<\/p>\n 40.\u00a0\u00a0According to the Court\u2019s case-law, an applicant is entitled to the reimbursement of costs and expenses only in so far as it has been shown that these have been actually and necessarily incurred and are reasonable as to quantum. The Court observes that the applicant did not provide a legal\u2011services contract or other agreement with the lawyer with regard to his representation in the domestic proceedings. Neither had he submitted any receipts or payment orders to prove that he had incurred those expenses. Regard being had to these considerations and to its case-law, the Court rejects the claim for costs and expenses in the domestic proceedings.<\/p>\n C.\u00a0\u00a0Default interest<\/strong><\/p>\n 41.\u00a0\u00a0The Court considers it appropriate that the default interest rate should be based on the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank, to which should be added three percentage points.<\/p>\n FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT, UNANIMOUSLY,<\/strong><\/p>\n 1.\u00a0\u00a0Declares the complaint under Article 10 of the Convention admissible and the remainder of the application inadmissible;<\/p>\n 2.\u00a0\u00a0Holdsthat there has been a violation of Article 10 of the Convention;<\/p>\n 3.\u00a0\u00a0Holds<\/p>\n (a)\u00a0\u00a0that the respondent State is to pay the applicant, within three monthsthe following amounts,to be converted into Russian roubles at the rate applicable at the date of settlement:<\/p>\n (i)\u00a0\u00a0EUR 15 (fifteen euros), plus any tax that may be chargeable,in respect of pecuniary damage;<\/p>\n (ii)\u00a0\u00a0EUR 10,000 (ten thousand euros), plus any tax that may be chargeable, in respect of non-pecuniary damage;<\/p>\n (b)\u00a0\u00a0that from the expiry of the above-mentioned three months until settlement simple interest shall be payable on the above amounts at a rate equal to the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank during the default period plus three percentage points;<\/p>\n 4.\u00a0\u00a0Dismissesthe remainder of the applicant\u2019s claim for just satisfaction.<\/p>\n Done in English, and notified in writing on 3 April 2018, pursuant to Rule\u00a077\u00a0\u00a7\u00a7\u00a02 and 3 of the Rules of Court.<\/p>\n Fato\u015f Arac\u0131\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Helen Keller
\nPere Pastor Vilanova,
\nAlena Pol\u00e1\u010dkov\u00e1, judges,
\nand Fato\u015f Arac\u0131, Deputy Section Registrar,<\/p>\n
\nDeputy Registrar\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 President<\/p>\n