Handbook on European non-discrimination law – Contents Under EU law, Protection from discrimination in the field of access to the supply of goods and services, including housing, applies to the ground of race under the Racial Equality Directive, and to…
Category: Overview of the Case-law
4.3. Education – Handbook on European non-discrimination law
Handbook on European non-discrimination law – Contents Under EU law, protection from discrimination in access to education was originally developed in the context of the free movement of persons under Article 12 of Regulation 1612/68, particularly directed at the children…
4.2. Access to welfare and social security – Handbook on European non-discrimination law
Handbook on European non-discrimination law – Contents Under EU law, only the Racial Equality Directive provides broad protection against discrimination in accessing the welfare system and other forms of social security. Encompassed within this is access to benefits in kind…
4.1. Employment – Handbook on European non-discrimination law
Handbook on European non-discrimination law – Contents Under EU law, protection against discrimination in the field of employment is extended across all the protected grounds provided for under the non- discrimination directives. It covers access to employment, conditions of employment,…
4. Selected areas of protection
Handbook on European non-discrimination law – Contents EU Issues covered CoE TFEU, Art. 157 Employment ECHR, Art. 14 (prohibition of discrimination) ECtHR, I.B. v. Greece, No. 552/10, 2013 ECtHR, Danilenkov and Others v. Russia, No. 67336/01, 2009 Racial Equality Directive…
3.3. Specific grounds of justification under EU law – Handbook on European non-discrimination law
Handbook on European non-discrimination law – Contents Key points Under EU law there are specific exceptions to direct discrimination, which are tailored to the context of field of protection. The specific exceptions include: genuine occupational requirements; exceptions in relation to…
3. Justification for less favourable treatment under European non- discrimination law
Handbook on European non-discrimination law – Contents EU Issues covered CoE Objective justification: Racial Equality Directive, Art. 2 (2) (b); Employment Equality Directive, Art. 2 (2) (b); Gender Goods and Services Directive, Art. 2 (b); Gender Equality Directive (recast), Art.…
2.7. Hate speech
Handbook on European non-discrimination law – Contents Key point Hate speech is the advocacy of hatred based on one of the protected grounds. Hate speech encompasses any public expressions which spread, incite, promote or justify hatred, discrimination or hostility towards…
2.6. Hate crime
Handbook on European non-discrimination law – Contents Key point Crimes motivated by prejudice, known as hate crimes or bias-motivated crimes, affect not only the individuals targeted, but also their communities and societies as a whole. Crimes such as threats, physical…
2.5. Special or specific measures
Handbook on European non-discrimination law – Contents Key points To ensure that everyone has equal enjoyment of rights, governments, employers and service providers may need to take special or specific measures to adapt their rules and practices to those with…