Last Updated on August 11, 2019 by LawEuro
Handbook on European non-discrimination law – Contents
| EU | Issues covered | CoE |
| TFEU, Art. 157 | Employment | ECHR, Art. 14 (prohibition of discrimination)
ECtHR, I.B. v. Greece, No. 552/10, 2013 ECtHR, Danilenkov and Others v. Russia, No. 67336/01, 2009 |
| Racial Equality Directive
(2000/43/EC), Art. 3 (1) (a) |
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| Employment Equality Directive
(2000/78/EC), Art. 3 (1) (a) |
||
| Gender Equality Directive (recast) (2006/54/EC), Art. 1,
Art. 14 (1) (a) |
||
| Council Directive (2003/109/EC),
Art. 11 (1) (a) |
||
| CJEU, C-548/15, de Lange v. Staatssecretaris van Financiën,
2016 |
||
| CJEU, C-122/15, C., 2016 | ||
| CJEU, C-267/12, Hay v. Crédit
agricole mutuel, 2013 |
||
| CJEU, C-81/12, Asociaţia Accept
v. Consiliul Naţional pentru Combaterea Discriminării, 2013 |
||
| CJEU, C-7/12, Riežniece v. Zemkopības ministrija and
Lauku atbalsta dienests, 2013 |
||
| CJEU, C-147/08, Römer v. Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg [GC],
2011 |
||
| CJEU, C-79/99, Schnorbus v.
Land Hessen, 2000 |
||
| CJEU, C-116/94, Meyers v.
Adjudication Officer, 1995 |
| TFEU, Art. 18
Racial Equality Directive (2000/43/EC) |
Welfare and social security | ECHR, Art. 8 (right to respect for private and family life), Art. 14 (prohibition of discrimination), Protocol No. 1, Art. 1 (Protection of property)
ECtHR, Gouri v. France (dec.), No. 41069/11, 2017 ECtHR, Bah v. the United Kingdom, No. 56328/07, 2011 ECtHR, Stummer v. Austria [GC], No. 37452/02, 2011 ECtHR, Andrle v. the Czech Republic, No. 6268/08, 2011 |
| Gender Equality Directive
(recast) (2006/54/EC) |
||
| Council Directive (2003/109/EC),
Art. 11 (1) (d) |
||
| CJEU, C-299/14, Vestische Arbeit Jobcenter Kreis Recklinghausen
v. García-Nieto, 2016 |
||
| CJEU, C-318/13, X., 2014 | ||
| CJEU, C-20/12, Giersch v. État du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg,
2013 |
||
| CJEU, Case 32/75, Cristini v.
SNCF, 1975 |
||
| TFEU, Art. 18 | Education | ECHR, Art. 8 (right to respect for private and family life), Art. 14 (prohibition of discrimination), Protocol No. 1, Art. 1 (Protection of property)
ECtHR, Çam v. Turkey, No. 51500/08, 2016 ECtHR, Ponomaryovi v. Bulgaria, No. 5335/05, 2011 |
| Regulation on freedom of | ||
| movement of workers within | ||
| the Community (1612/68), | ||
| Art. 12 | ||
| Racial Equality Directive | ||
| (2000/43/EC), Art. 3 (1) (g) | ||
| Council Directive (2003/109/EC), | ||
| Art. 11 (1) (b) | ||
| CJEU, C-491/13, Ben Alaya v. | ||
| Bundesrepublik Deutschland, | ||
| 2014 | ||
| CJEU, Joined cases C-523/11 | ||
| and C-585/11, Prinz v. Region | ||
| Hannover and Seeberger v. | ||
| Studentenwerk Heidelberg, | ||
| 2013 | ||
| CJEU, C-147/03, Commission of | ||
| the European Communities v. | ||
| Republic of Austria, 2005 | ||
| CJEU, Case 9/74, Casagrande v. | ||
| Landeshauptstadt München, | ||
| 1974 |
| Racial Equality Directive (2000/43/EC)
Gender Goods and Services Directive, Paragraph 13 of the Preamble |
Access to supply of goods and services, including housing | ECHR, Art. 3 (prohibition of torture), Art. 8 (right to respect for private and family life),
and Art. 14 (prohibition of discrimination), Protocol No. 1, Art. 1 (Protection of property) ESC (Revised), Art. E, Art. 13 (4), and 31 (1) ECtHR, Hunde v. the Netherlands (dec.), No. 17931/16, 2016 ECtHR, Vrountou v. Cyprus, No. 33631/06, 2015 ECtHR, Moldovan and Others v. Romania (No. 2), Nos. 41138/98 and 64320/01, 2005 ECSR, CEC v. the Netherlands, No. 90/2013, 2014 ECSR, FEANTSA v. the Netherlands, No. 86/2012, 2014 |
| Treaty on the Functioning of
the European Union, Art. 57 |
||
| Racial Equality Directive
(2000/43/EC), Art. 3 (1) (h) |
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| Charter of Fundamental Rights,
Art. 7, Art. 34 (3) |
||
| Council Directive (2003/109/EC),
Art. 11 (1) (f) |
||
| CJEU, C-83/14, “CHEZ
Razpredelenie Bulgaria” AD v. Komisia za zashtita ot diskriminatsia [GC], 2015 |
||
| CJEU, C-571/10, Kamberaj v.
IPES [GC], 2012 |
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| Charter of Fundamental Rights, Art. 47 | Access to justice | ECHR, Art. 6 (right to fair trial)
ECtHR, Paraskeva Todorova v. Bulgaria, No. 37193/07, 2010 |
| ECtHR, Anakomba Yula v. Belgium, No. 45413/07, 2009 | ||
| ECtHR, Moldovan and Others v. Romania (No. 2), Nos. 41138/98
and 64320/01, 2005 |
||
| Charter of Fundamental Rights, Art. 7
CJEU, C-391/09, Runevič-Vardyn and Wardyn v. Vilniaus miesto savivaldybės administracija, 2011 |
Right for respect of private and family life | ECHR, Art. 8 (right to respect for private and family life), Art. 12 (right to marry) and Art. 14 (prohibition of discrimination)
ECtHR, Kacper Nowakowski v. Poland, No. 32407/13, 2017 |
| CJEU, C-104/09, Roca Álvarez v. Sesa Start España ETT SA, 2010 | ECtHR, A.H. and Others v. Russia, Nos. 6033/13 and 15 other applications, 2017 | |
| ECtHR, Pajić v. Croatia, No. 68453/13, 2016 | ||
| ECtHR, Vallianatos and Others v. Greece [GC], Nos. 29381/09 and 32684/09, 2013 | ||
| ECtHR, X and Others v. Austria
[GC], No. 19010/07, 2013 |
| Charter of Fundamental Rights, Art. 12 | Political participation | ECHR, Art. 10 (freedom of expression), Art. 11 (freedom of assembly and association), Protocol No. 1, Art. 3 (Right to free elections)
ECtHR, Pilav v. Bosnia and Herzegovina, No. 41939/07, 2016 ECtHR, Partei Die Friesen v. Germany, No. 65480/10, 2016 |
| Charter of Fundamental Rights, Art. 21
TFEU, Art 18 and 21 CJEU, C-182/15, Petruhhin v. Latvijas Republikas Ģenerālprokuratūra [GC], 2016 CJEU, C-42/11, Proceedings concerning the execution of a European arrest warrant issued against João Pedro Lopes Da Silva Jorge [GC], 2012 |
Criminal law matters | ECHR, Art. 2 (right to life), Art. 3 (prohibition of torture), Art. 5, Art. 6 (right to fair trial), Art. 7 (No punishment without law) and Protocol No. 7, Art. 4 (Right not to be tried or punished twice)
ECtHR, Martzaklis and Others v. Greece, No. 20378/13, 2015 ECtHR, Stasi v. France, No. 25001/07, 2011 ECtHR, D.G. v. Ireland, No. 39474/98, 2002 ECtHR, Bouamar v. Belgium, No. 9106/80, 1988 |
Key point
- The scope of the ECHR is much wider than the EU non-discrimination directives – both in terms of the substantive rights and the manner that these are interpreted for the purposes of applying Article 14 of the Convention.
While European non-discrimination law prohibits direct and indirect discrimination, it does so only in certain contexts.
Article 14 of the ECHR applies in relation to the enjoyment of all substantive rights guaranteed by the ECHR, and Protocol No. 12 to the ECHR covers any right which is guaranteed at the national level, even where this does not fall within the scope of an ECHR right. Whereas the scope of the prohibition on discrimination under EU non-discrimination directives extends to three areas: employment, the welfare system, and goods and services. Currently, as discussed in Chapter 1, only the Racial Equality Directive applies to all three areas. While legislation which will extend the Employment Equality Directive to all three areas is under discussion, this directive currently only applies to the context of employment. The Gender Equality Directive (recast) and the Gender Goods and Services Directive apply to the context of employment and access to goods and services but not to access to the welfare system.
This chapter will set out the scope of application of European non-discrimination law. In particular, it will examine substantive areas of protection covered.
4. Selected areas of protection
4.2. Access to welfare and social security
4.4. Access to supply of goods and services, including housing
4.6. The ‘personal’ sphere: private and family life, adoption, home and marriage
4.7. Political participation: freedom of expression, assembly and association, and free elections
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