CASE OF KASHUBA AND OTHERS v. RUSSIA. The applicants complained about their confinement in a metal cage and/or a glass cabin in the courtroom during the criminal proceedings against them

Last Updated on November 2, 2023 by LawEuro

Having regard to its case-law on the subject, the Court considers that in the instant cases the applicants’ confinement in a metal cage and/or a glass cabin before the court during the criminal proceedings against them amounted to degrading treatment. These complaints are therefore admissible and disclose a breach of Article 3 of the Convention.


SECOND SECTION
CASE OF KASHUBA AND OTHERS v. RUSSIA
(Applications nos. 56247/15 and 47 others – see appended list)
JUDGMENT
STRASBOURG
2 November 2023

This judgment is final but it may be subject to editorial revision.

In the case of Kashuba and Others v. Russia,

The European Court of Human Rights (Second Section), sitting as a Committee composed of:
Lorraine Schembri Orland, President,
Frédéric Krenc,
Davor Derenčinović, judges,
and Viktoriya Maradudina, Acting Deputy Section Registrar,

Having deliberated in private on 12 October 2023,

Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date:

PROCEDURE

1. The case originated in applications against Russia lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) on the various dates indicated in the appended table.

2. The Russian Government (“the Government”) were given notice of the applications.

THE FACTS

3. The list of applicants and the relevant details of the applications are set out in the appended table.

4. The applicants complained about their confinement in a metal cage and/or a glass cabin in the courtroom during the criminal proceedings against them. Some applicants also raised other complaints under the provisions of the Convention.

THE LAW

I. JOINDER OF THE APPLICATIONS

5. Having regard to the similar subject matter of the applications, the Court finds it appropriate to examine them jointly in a single judgment.

II. Jurisdiction

6. The Court observes that the facts giving rise to the alleged violations of the Convention occurred prior to 16 September 2022, the date on which the Russian Federation ceased to be a party to the Convention. The Court therefore decides that it has jurisdiction to examine the present applications (see Fedotova and Others v. Russia [GC], nos. 40792/10 and 2 others, §§ 68‑73, 17 January 2023).

III. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLES 3 AND 13 OF THE CONVENTION

7. The applicants complained principally about their confinement in a metal cage and/or a glass cabin in the courtroom during the criminal proceedings against them. They relied on Article 3 of the Convention, which reads as follows:

“No one shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.”

Some applicants also complained that they had not been afforded an effective domestic remedy in respect of their grievances under Article 3, contrary to Article 13 of the Convention, reading as follows:

“Everyone whose rights and freedoms as set forth in [the] Convention are violated shall have an effective remedy before a national authority notwithstanding that the violation has been committed by persons acting in an official capacity.”

8. The Court notes that the applicants were kept in a metal cage in the courtroom in the context of their trial. In the leading cases of Svinarenko and Slyadnev v. Russia [GC], nos. 32541/08 and 43441/08, ECHR 2014 (extracts) and Vorontsov and Others v. Russia, nos. 59655/14 and 2 others, 31 January 2017, the Court already dealt with the issue of the use of metal cages in courtrooms and found that such a practice constituted in itself an affront to human dignity and amounted to degrading treatment prohibited by Article 3 of the Convention. Similar finding was reached by the Court in respect of the practice of confinement of defendants in metal cages at remand prisons for the purposes of their participation in court hearings carried out via a video link (see Karachentsev v. Russia, no. 23229/11, §§ 50-54, 17 April 2018).

9. The Court has also dealt with the issue of the use of glass cabins in courtrooms and found that under certain circumstances such a practice could also disclose a violation of Article 3 of the Convention (see Yaroslav Belousov v. Russia, nos. 2653/13 and 60980/14, §§ 123-28, 4 October 2016, where extreme overcrowding inside the glass cabin led the Court to the conclusion of a violation of Article 3 of the Convention, and Mariya Alekhina and Others v. Russia, no. 38004/12, §§ 144-50, 17 July 2018, where similar conclusion was reached by the Court against the background of the glass dock having been constantly surrounded by armed police officers and court ushers and a guard dog having been present next to it in the courtroom).

10. Having examined all the material submitted to it, and having taken into account the issue of compliance with the six-month time-limit under Article 35 § 1 of the Convention (see Saakashvili v. Georgia (dec.), nos. 6232/20 and 22394/20, §§ 46-59, 1 March 2022, in which the Court addressed the COVID-related extension of the period in question), the Court has not found any fact or argument capable of persuading it to reach a different conclusion on the admissibility and merits of these complaints. Having regard to its case-law on the subject, the Court considers that in the instant cases the applicants’ confinement in a metal cage and/or a glass cabin before the court during the criminal proceedings against them amounted to degrading treatment.

11. These complaints are therefore admissible and disclose a breach of Article 3 of the Convention.

12. Having regard to its finding above, the Court does not consider it necessary to deal separately with the applicants’ complaints under Article 13 of the Convention (see Valyuzhenich v. Russia, no. 10597/13, § 27, 26 March 2019).

IV. OTHER ALLEGED VIOLATIONS UNDER WELL-ESTABLISHED CASE-LAW

13. Some applicants submitted other complaints which also raised issues under the Convention, given the relevant well-established case-law of the Court (see appended table). These complaints are not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 (a) of the Convention, nor are they inadmissible on any other ground. Accordingly, they must be declared admissible. Having examined all the material before it, the Court concludes that they also disclose violations of the Convention in the light of its findings in Tomov and Others v. Russia, nos. 18255/10 and 5 others, §§ 92-156, 9 April 2019, as regards the inadequate conditions of transport and lack of an effective remedy in this connection; Fortalnov and Others v. Russia, nos. 7077/06 and 12 others, §§ 76-87, 26 June 2018, as regards the unlawful deprivation of liberty; Dirdizov v. Russia, no. 41461/10, 27 November 2012, as regards the excessive length of pre‑trial detention; Idalov v. Russia [GC], no. 5826/03, §§ 154-58, 22 May 2012, as regards the lack of a speedy review of the detention matters; Kuzmina and Others v. Russia, nos. 66152/14 and 8 others, §§ 85-105, 20 April 2021, as regards the police entrapment in the context of investigating offences concerning illegal distribution of drugs; Mariya Alekhina and Others v. Russia, no. 38004/12, §§ 145-50 and 166-72, 17 July 2018, concerning inability to communicate freely and privately with a lawyer during the trial; Andrey Smirnov v. Russia, no. 43149/10, §§ 35-57, 13 February 2018, as regards restrictions on family visits in pre-trial detention facilities; and Chaldayev v. Russia, no. 33172/16, §§ 69-83, 28 May 2019, as regards discriminatory treatment concerning family visits in pre-trial detention facilities.

V. REMAINING COMPLAINT

14. Lastly, the applicant in application no. 1798/17 raised a complaint under Article 6 §§ 1 and 3 (d) of the Convention about his inability to obtain attendance and examination of defence witnesses.

15. The Court has examined this complaint and considers that, in the light of all the material in its possession and in so far as the matters complained of are within its competence, it does not meet the admissibility criteria set out in Article 35 of the Convention. It follows that this part of the application must be rejected in accordance with Article 35 § 4 of the Convention.

VI. APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 41 OF THE CONVENTION

16. Article 41 of the Convention provides:

“If the Court finds that there has been a violation of the Convention or the Protocols thereto, and if the internal law of the High Contracting Party concerned allows only partial reparation to be made, the Court shall, if necessary, afford just satisfaction to the injured party.”

17. Regard being had to the documents in its possession and to its case‑law (see, in particular, Vorontsov and Others, cited above), the Court considers it reasonable to award the sums indicated in the appended table.

FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT, UNANIMOUSLY,

1. Decides to join the applications;

2. Holds that it has jurisdiction to deal with these applications as they relate to facts that took place before 16 September 2022;

3. Declares the complaints under Article 3 of the Convention concerning the use of metal cages and/or glass cabins in courtrooms, under Article 13 of the Convention about the absence of an effective domestic remedy to complain about the use of those security arrangements in the courtrooms, and other complaints under the well-established case-law of the Court, as set out in the appended table, admissible, and the remainder of application no. 1798/17 inadmissible;

4. Holds that these applications disclose a breach of Article 3 of the Convention on account of the applicants’ placement in a metal cage and/or glass cabin before the court during the criminal proceedings against them;

5. Holds that there has been a violation of the Convention as regards the other complaints raised under the well-established case-law of the Court (see appended table);

6. Holds that it is not necessary to examine separately the applicants’ complaints under Article 13 of the Convention about the lack of an effective domestic remedy to complain about their placement in a metal cage or glass cabin in a courtroom;

7. Holds

(a) that the respondent State is to pay the applicants, within three months, the amounts indicated in the appended table, to be converted into the currency of the respondent State at the rate applicable at the date of settlement;

(b) that from the expiry of the above-mentioned three months until settlement simple interest shall be payable on the above amounts at a rate equal to the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank during the default period plus three percentage points.

Done in English, and notified in writing on 2 November 2023, pursuant to Rule 77 §§ 2 and 3 of the Rules of Court.

Viktoriya Maradudina                    Lorraine Schembri Orland
Acting Deputy Registrar                      President

___________

APPENDIX
List of applications raising complaints under Article 3 of the Convention
(use of metal cages and/or other security arrangements in courtrooms)

No. Application no.

Date of introduction

Applicant’s name

Year of birth

 

Representative’s name and location Name of the court

Date of the relevant judgment

Other complaints under well-established case-law Amount awarded for pecuniary and non-pecuniary damage and costs and expenses per applicant

(in euros)[i]

1. 56247/15

05/11/2015

Viktor Petrovich KASHUBA

1964

Ivannikov Vladimir Mikhaylovich

Kursk

Kursk Regional Court

(by video link from the remand prison where the applicant was placed in a cage)

13/05/2015

 

7,500
2. 4707/16

28/12/2015

Anton Vladimirovich BORDOVSKIY

1966

Osherov Mikhail Aleksandrovich

Moscow

Presnenskiy District Court of Moscow, Moscow City Court (By video link from SIZO-2 Moscow)

28/11/2017

 

Art. 5 (1) – unlawful deprivation of liberty, including unrecorded detention and detention without a judicial order and any other legal basis – The applicant was arrested by the police at 8 a.m. on 03/06/2015. An arrest record was drawn up seventeen hours later, at

1 a.m. on 04/06/2015. The applicant unsuccessfully raised this complaint before the courts when the measure of restraint was examined

9,750
3. 50477/16

22/08/2016

Mikhail Aleksandrovich LEONTYEV

1984

Romanchenko Lyudmila Ivanovna

Moscow

Supreme Court of Russia (by video link from the remand prison while being placed in a metal cage)

24/03/2016

7,500
4. 1798/17

09/12/2016

Yevgeniy Borisovich ZHURAVLEV

1992

Vikharev Aleksandr Yevgenyevich

Sovetsk

Sovetskiy District Court of Kaliningrad

21/06/2016

7,500
5. 15951/17

15/02/2017

Aleksandr Tarielyevich TABUTSADZE

1992

Pugachev Sergey Viktorovich

Moscow

Moscow Regional Court

16/08/2016

7,500
6. 25006/17

11/03/2017

Yuriy Vladimirovich ALDOKHIN

1968

 

 

Chelyabinsk Regional Court

12/09/2016

7,500
7. 75975/17

13/10/2017

Larisa Dmitriyevna DUBINA

1959

Zlobin Sergey Vladimirovich

Moscow

Volgograd Regional Court

17/04/2017

7,500
8. 76908/17

17/10/2017

Aleksandr Viktorovich DUBOVITSKIY

1964

Laptev Aleksey Nikolayevich

Moscow

Volgograd Regional Court

19/04/2017

7,500
9. 80915/17

28/10/2017

Aleksandr Vitalyevich PROTOPOPOV

1961

Vasilyev Aleksey Anatolyevich

Izhevsk

Syktyvkar City Court of the Komi Republic, the Supreme Court of the Komi Republic

03/08/2017

7,500
10. 4794/18

17/01/2018

Maksim Alekseyevich VOLKOV

1990

Polikarkin Vladislav Nikolayevich

Moscow

Moscow City Court

02/08/2017

Art. 6 (1) – unfair conviction for an offence committed as a result of entrapment by State agents – The investigating authority took the initiative to contact the applicant through their agent, the applicant’s acquaintance D. The latter sent the applicant 6 sms messages complaining of withdrawal symptoms and called him asking to buy 2 gr of amphetamine for him, which amounted to incitement

 

 

7,500
11. 10606/18

22/02/2018

Aleksandr Aleksandrovich GUSHCHIN

1979

 

 

Kirovskiy District Court of Yekaterinburg (confinement in a glass cabin with a personal space of

< 0.4 sq. m, and in extreme temperatures during summer; lack of fresh air)

27/12/2017

7,500
12. 3857/19

17/12/2018

Fatima Kazbekovna NAYFONOVA

1979

Bezrukova Kseniya Yevgenyevna

Moskow

Moscow City Court

(placement in a glass cabin, in the following conditions: overcrowding, insufficient space, lack of fresh air, on more than 25 occasions)

26/06/2018

Art. 3 – inadequate conditions of detention during transport – van, from 26/01/2018 to 26/06/2018, overcrowding, lack of fresh air, passive smoking; less than 0.6 sq. m. per inmate in a van, insufficient light;

 

Art. 13 – lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of transport

8,500
13. 24983/19

10/04/2019

Ivan Yuryevich MANKOVSKIY

1992

Mankovskaya Svetlana Petrovna

Krasnoyarsk

Sovetskiy District Court of Krasnoyarsk (glass cabin, overcrowding, 8 co-defendants contained in the glass cabin designed for 4, insufficient number of seats, poor ventilation and audibility inside the cabin)

24/12/2018

7,500
14. 29009/19

22/05/2019

Aleksey Borisovich NOVIKOV

1983

Urlashov Aleksey Mikhaylovich

St Petersburg

Petrogradskiy District Court of St Petersburg, St Petersburg City Court

07/02/2019

Art. 3 – inadequate conditions of detention during transport – van, transit cell from 23/10/2017 to 20/03/2019, 0.3 sq. m, overcrowding, applicant transported on numerous occasions, inadequate temperature, passive smoking;

 

Art. 13 – lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of transport

8,500
15. 36322/19

01/07/2019

Nikolay Leontyevich PONYATOVSKIY

1964

 

 

Surgut Town Court

09/04/2019

7,500
16. 37228/19

25/06/2019

Vladimir Vladimirovich PROKHORTSEV

1987

 

 

Primorskiy District Court of St Petersburg

18/04/2019

Art. 3 – inadequate conditions of detention during transport – by prison van, from IZ-47/1 – Primorskiy District Court of St Petersburg, multiple occasions between 10/04/2018 and 18/04/2019;

 

Art. 13 – lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of transport

8,500
17. 37365/19

26/06/2019

Sergey Yuryevich TOMILIN

1983

 

 

Tsentralniy District Court of Tyumen

25/03/2019

7,500
18. 38138/19

05/07/2019

Yekaterina Sergeyevna KOVALEVA

1990

Dvoryak Vladimir Gennadyevich

Abakan

Supreme Court of the Republic of Khakassia;

Abakan Town Court

05/08/2021

7,500
19. 38403/19

10/07/2019

Maksim Vladimirovich POLIKARPOV

1976

 

 

Leninskiy District Court of Tambov

26/06/2019

7,500
20. 39033/19

10/07/2019

Aleksandr Alekseyevich ALEKSEYEV

1992

Yefimov Vitaliy Olegovich

Cheboksary

Leninskiy District Court of Cheboksary

17/01/2019

 

Supreme Court of the Republic of Chuvashia

(by video link from the remand prison)

03/04/2019

7,500
21. 46043/19

19/08/2019

Aleksandr Aleksandrovich KOMAROVSKIKH

1980

 

 

 

Ust-Vymskiy District Court of the Republic of Komi

27/03/2019

7,500
22. 50701/19

18/09/2019

Denis Savelyevich ZDOROVTSOV

1978

Egle Denis Sergeyevich

Krasnoyarsk

Leninskiy District Court of Novosibirsk, Novosibirsk Regional Court

29/07/2019

7,500
23. 54754/19

21/09/2019

Ivan Sergeyevich FADEYEV

1984

Petrov Roman Nikolayevich

Cheboksary

Domodedovo Town Court of the Moscow Region

11/04/2019

Art. 3 – inadequate conditions of detention during transport – transport by van and train; from 20/05/2019 to 01/07/2019; less than 0.4 sq. m of personal space; inadequate temperature, lack of fresh air, lack of or inadequate hygienic facilities;

 

Art. 13 – lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of transport

8,500
24. 55703/19

08/10/2019

Aleksandr Pavlovich SHTRUMBERGER

1983

 

 

Abakan Town Court of the Republic of Khakassia

16/07/2019

Art. 3 – inadequate conditions of detention during transport – on 08/08/2019-09/08/2019, transport by train lasting for around 20 hours; passive smoking, lack of sleeping places, lack of fresh air, no or restricted access to potable water, lack of privacy for toilet;

 

Art. 13 – lack of any effective remedy in domestic law in respect of inadequate conditions of transport

8,500
25. 57542/19

22/10/2019

Vadim Andreyevich KHARITONOV

1993

 

 

Severodvinsk Town Court, Arkhangelsk Regional Court

11/03/2020

7,500
26. 64754/19

29/11/2019

Aleksey Sergeyevich DZHIGAYLO

1992

 

 

Moskovskiy District Court of St Petersburg

19/07/2019

7,500
27. 2083/20

07/12/2019

Ivan Ivanovich KALINA

1980

Urlashov Aleksey Mikhaylovich

St Petersburg

 

Vsevolzhsk Town Court of the Leningrad Region, Leningrad Regional Court, video link from IK-4, Leningrad region

15/08/2019

7,500
28. 24936/20

31/05/2020

Yuriy Vasilyevich VASYUKOV

1966

 

 

Kaluga Regional Court (by way of videoconference)

05/12/2019

Art. 3 – inadequate conditions of detention during transport – train, van form 23/01/2020 to 11/02/2020, applicant transported on numerous occasions, bunk beds, inadequate temperature, insufficient number of sleeping places, lack of fresh air, lack of or insufficient natural light, lack of privacy for toilet, no or restricted access to toilet, overcrowding, passive smoking, poor quality of food 8,500
29. 27102/20

25/05/2020

Pavel Nikolayevich GRISHANIN

1971

 

 

Knyazhpogostskiy District Court of the Republic of Komi, Supreme Court of the Republic of Komi

14/10/2019

7,500
30. 27114/20

01/02/2021

Larisa Ildarovna KHALITOVA

1985

 

 

Sovetskiy District Court of Chelyabinsk

18/09/2019 – on-going placement in a metal cage on the date when the application was lodged with the Court

7,500
31. 27291/20

12/03/2020

Yan Dmitriyevich KOVALEVSKIY

1995

Belinskaya Marina Aleksandrovna

St Petersburg

Krasnoselskiy District Court of St Petersburg

12/09/2019

7,500
32. 46141/20

24/02/2021

Anton Yuryevich GOLUBKOV

1987

 

 

Sverdlovskiy District Court of Krasnoyarsk

13/12/2019

7,500
33. 46153/20

11/05/2021

Yuliya Valeryevna VAKHRUSHEVA

1989

 

 

Traktorozavodskiy District Court of Chelyabinsk

15/02/2021

7,500
34. 48160/20

07/10/2020

Yevgeniy Sergeyevich OSETROV

1989

 

 

Vorkuta Town Court of the Republic of Komi

31/08/2020

7,500
35. 53405/20

05/03/2021

Vladimir Anatolyevich GAFAROV

1984

Isayev Ayndi Khamzatovich

Krasnoyarsk

Zheleznodorozhniy District Court of Krasnoyarsk

08/09/2020

7,500
36. 54562/20

19/01/2021

Aleksandr Anatolyevich ANTONOV

1973

 

 

Sverdlovskiy District Court of Krasnoyarsk, Tsentralniy District Court of Krasnoyarsk

29/10/2020

7,500
37. 3328/21

08/12/2020

Igor Andreyevich CHUPROV

1991

 

 

Oktyabrskiy District Court of Arkhangelsk

09/09/2020

7,500
38. 3834/21

02/12/2020

Dmitriy Olegovich KANATCHIKOV

1990

Pavlov Sergey Eduardovich

Cheboksary

Moskovskiy District Court of Cheboksary, Supreme Court of the Republic of Chuvashia

03/06/2020

7,500
39. 4528/21

12/03/2021

Aleksey Viktorovich DERNOV

1988

 

 

Kirovsky District Court of Novosibirsk, Novosibirsk Regional Court (by way of video link from the remand prison)

13/11/2020

7,500
40. 7298/21

29/12/2020

Karen Gagikovich SARGSYAN

1987

Ustyuzhaninov Dmitriy Aleksandrovich

St Petersburg

St Petersburg City Court

(confinement in glass cabins with 8-9 co-defendants: 0.63 sq. m. of personal space (hearing rooms nos. 21, 38, 48, 58, 68); extreme overcrowding, lack of fresh air, extreme temperatures)

On-going placement on the date when the application was lodged with the Court

Art. 5 (3) – lack of relevant and sufficient reasons for detention – fragility of the reasons employed by the courts, collective detention orders, use of assumptions, in the absence of any evidentiary basis, of the risks of absconding or obstructing justice, failure to assess the applicant’s personal situation reducing the risks of re‑offending, colluding or absconding, failure to examine the possibility of applying other measures of restraint. Detention since 06/04/2018 and on-going on the date when the application was lodged with the Court.

Moskovskiy District Court of St Petersburg;

St Petersburg City Court; Second Appeal Court of general jurisdiction

9,750
41. 7564/21

15/03/2021

Chechen Savelyevich OGLY

1989

 

 

Leninskiy District Court of Novosibirsk

05/10/2020

7,500
42. 7993/21

10/09/2021

Pavel Vladimirovich PLATONOV

1984

 

 

Talmenskiy District Court of the Altay Region

08/06/2021

7,500
43. 8208/21

20/09/2021

Anton Valeryevich USOV

1990

 

 

Oktyabrskiy District Court of Krasnoyarsk

07/04/2021

7,500
44. 8800/21

11/01/2021

Dmitriy Konstantinovich VARAVKA

1982

 

 

Oktyabrskiy District Court of Krasnoyarsk

16/07/2020

Art. 8 (1) – restrictions on family visits in pre-trial facilities – refusals of long-term family visits from the applicant’s live-in partner and children in the SIZO-1 Krasnoyarsk, 25/02/2019 – to 16/09/2022; restrictions during short-term visits (physical separation);

 

Art. 14 – in conjunction with Art. 8 – discriminatory treatment compared with convicted prisoners as regards duration of short-term family visits and absence of long‑term family visits

9,750
45. 9049/21

12/01/2021

Maksim Gennadyevich TYURIN

1973

Isayev Ayndi Khamzatovich

Krasnoyarsk

Leninskiy District Court of Krasnoyarsk

14/07/2020

7,500
46. 19698/21

16/03/2021

Anton Valeryevich USENKO

1971

Shukhardin Valeriy Vladimirovich

Moscow

Tverskoy District Court of Moscow, Moscow City Court (in both courts confinement in a glass cabin, with the applicant suffering from the lack of ventilation, extreme temperatures leading to the applicant suffering from shortness of breath and the need to call ambulance)

17/09/2020

Art. 6 (1) and Art. 6 (3) (c) – unfair criminal proceedings in view of the lack of possibility for the applicant to confer privately with the lawyer as a result of the use of the security arrangement. Complaint raised during the trial and on appeal 9,750
47. 25111/21

29/04/2021

Sabukhi Agakerimovich MURADKHANOV

1986

Semyanovskiy Dmitriy Aleksandrovich

Astrakhan

Astrakhan Regional Court (by way of videoconference from the detention facility), Trusovskoy District Court of Astrakhan

14/01/2021

7,500
48. 9328/22

10/01/2022

Andrey Vladimirovich BOROVIKOV

1988

Krikun Leonid Leonidovich

St Petersburg

Arkhangelsk Regional Court; Video link from SIZO-1, Kirov Region

15/07/2021

Third Cassation Court; Video link from SIZO-4, Arkhangelsk Region

23/12/2021

7,500

[i] Plus any tax that may be chargeable to the applicants.

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