Last Updated on August 11, 2019 by LawEuro
Contents
1. Introduction to European non-discrimination law: context, evolution and key principles
1.1. Context and background to European non-discrimination law
1.1.2. European Union: development of nondiscrimination law
1.1.3. European non-discrimination law and UN human rights treaties
1.2. Who receives protection under European non-discrimination law?
1.3. Scope of the ECHR: Article 14 and Protocol No. 12
1.4. Scope of EU non-discrimination law
2. Discrimination categories
2.3. Multiple and intersectional discrimination
2.4. Harassment and instruction to discriminate
2.5. Special or specific measures
3. Justification for less favourable treatment under European non- discrimination law
3.1. Application of objective justification under ECHR
3.2. Application of the objective justification under EU law
3.3. Specific grounds of justification under EU law
4. Selected areas of protection
4.2. Access to welfare and social security
4.4. Access to supply of goods and services, including housing
4.6. The ‘personal’ sphere: private and family life, adoption, home and marriage
4.7. Political participation: freedom of expression, assembly and association, and free elections
5. Protected grounds
5.6. Race, ethnicity, colour and membership of a national minority
5.7. Nationality or national origin
5.9. Social origin, birth and property
5.11. Political or other opinion
6. Procedural issues in non-discrimination law
6.1. Shifting the burden of proof
6.2. Circumstances irrelevant for the finding of discrimination
6.3. Role of statistics and other data
6.4. Enforcement of non-discrimination law
This handbook was drafted in English. The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) takes no responsibility for the quality of the translations into other languages. The views expressed in this Handbook do not bind the ECtHR. The Handbook refers to a selection of commentaries and manuals on the European Convention on Human Rights.
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